Additional file 1 of The role of bone marrow on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone: a systematic review

Additional file 1: Table S1. List of excluded literature that did not meet the inclusion criteria

Pelvic Belt Effects on Health Outcomes and Functional Parameters of Patients with Sacroiliac Joint Pain

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a common source of low back pain. However, clinical and functional signs and symptoms correlating with SIJ pain are widely unknown. Pelvic belts are routinely applied to treat SIJ pain but without sound evidence of their pain-relieving effects. This case-control study compares clinical and functional data of SIJ patients and healthy control subjects and evaluates belt effects on SIJ pain.</p><p>Methods</p><p>17 SIJ patients and 17 healthy controls were included in this prospective study. The short-form 36 survey and the numerical rating scale were used to characterize health-related quality of life in patients in a six-week follow-up and the pain-reducing effects of pelvic belts. Electromyography data were obtained from the gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris and medial vastus. Alterations of muscle activity, variability and gait patterns were compared in patients and controls along with the belts’ effects in a dynamic setting when walking.</p><p>Results</p><p>Significant improvements were observed in the short-form 36 survey of the SIJ patients, especially in the physical health subscores. Minor declines were also observed in the numerical rating scale on pain. Belt-related changes of muscle activity and variability were similar in patients and controls with one exception: the rectus femoris activity decreased significantly in patients with belt application when walking. Further belt effects include improved cadence and gait velocity in patients and controls.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Pelvic belts improve health-related quality of life and are potentially attributed to decreased SIJ-related pain. Belt effects include decreased rectus femoris activity in patients and improved postural steadiness during locomotion. Pelvic belts may therefore be considered as a cost-effective and low-risk treatment of SIJ pain.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02027038?term=NCT02027038&rank=1" target="_blank">NCT02027038</a></p></div

A: Application of a pelvic belt (SacroLoc, Bauerfeind AG, Zeulenroda-Triebes, Germany) to a 26 year-old female control. B: Recording of gait pattern data on force plates in all participants without pelvic belt, under moderate and maximum tolerable compression.

<p>A: Application of a pelvic belt (SacroLoc, Bauerfeind AG, Zeulenroda-Triebes, Germany) to a 26 year-old female control. B: Recording of gait pattern data on force plates in all participants without pelvic belt, under moderate and maximum tolerable compression.</p

Post-hoc effect size and power analyses on the Numerical Rating Scale and Short-Form 36 physical summary and mental summary.

<p>Post-hoc effect size and power analyses on the Numerical Rating Scale and Short-Form 36 physical summary and mental summary.</p

Summary of the experimental setup; COP = center of pressure recordings, EMG = electromyography data, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.

<p>Summary of the experimental setup; COP = center of pressure recordings, EMG = electromyography data, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.</p

Inner-group comparison of the gait pattern data within SIJ patients or controls without pelvic belt application, under moderate and maximum tension (<i>p</i>-values refer to the data given in Table 5).

<p>Inner-group comparison of the gait pattern data within SIJ patients or controls without pelvic belt application, under moderate and maximum tension (<i>p</i>-values refer to the data given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136375#pone.0136375.t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>).</p

Short-form 36 survey of patients with sacroiliac joint pain, controls and comparison to low back pain patients: Six-week belt application improved health-related quality of life in the patients.

<p>PF = physical role functioning, RP = role physical, BP = bodily pain, GH = general health perceptions, VT = vitality, SF = social role functioning, RE = role emotional functioning, MH = mental health.</p

Modified CONSORT flow diagram.

<p>Modified CONSORT flow diagram.</p

Short Form 36 (SF36) transformed scores of patients with sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain prior to pelvic belt application (pre) and in a six-weeks follow up with pelvic belt application (post).

<p>Mean values ± standard deviations are given.</p

Comparison of gait pattern data of SIJ patients and controls without pelvic belt application, under moderate and maximum belt tension.

<p>Comparison of gait pattern data of SIJ patients and controls without pelvic belt application, under moderate and maximum belt tension.</p