150 research outputs found
In Silico Partial N2 to NH3 Conversion with a Light Atom Molecule
N2 can be stepwise converted in silico into one molecule NH3 and a secondary amide with a bond activator molecule consisting only of light main group elements. The proposed N2-activating pincer-related compound carries a silyl ion (Si(+)) center as well as three Lewis acidic (âBF2) and three Lewis basic (âPMe2) sites, providing an efficient binding pocket for gaseous N2 within the framework of intramolecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP). In addition, it exhibits supportive secondary PâB and FâŠB contacts, which stabilize the structure. In the PSi(+)âNâNâBP environment the NâĄN triple bond is extended from 1.09 Ă
to remarkable 1.43 Ă
, resembling a NâN single bond. The strongly activated NâN-fragment is prone to subsequent hydride addition and protonation steps, resulting in the energy efficient transfer of two hydrogen equivalents. The next hydride added causes the release of one molecule NH3, but leaves the ligand system as poisoned R3Si(+)âNH2âPMe2 or R3Si(+)-NH3 dead-end states behind. The study indicates that approximately tetrahedral constrained SiBP2-pockets are capable to activate N2, whereas the acid-rich SiB3- and SiB2P-pocktes, as well as the base-rich SiP3-pockets fail, hinting towards the high relevance of the acid-base proportion and relative orientation. The electronic structure of the N2-activated state is compared to the corresponding state of a recently published peri-substituted bond activator molecule featuring a PSi(+)âNâNâSi(+)P site (Mebs & Beckmann 2022)
In silico capture and activation of methane with light atom molecules
Methane (CH4) can be captured in silico with a light atom molecule containing only C, H, Si, O, and B atoms, respectively. A tripodal peri-substituted ligand system was employed, namely, [(5-Ph2B-xan-4-)3Si]H (1, xan = xanthene), which after hydride abstraction (1+) carries four Lewis acidic sites within the cationic cage structure. In a previous study, this system was shown to be able to capture noble gas atoms HeâKr (Mebs & Beckmann 2022). In the corresponding methane complex, 1+CH4, a polarized Si+âŻCH4 contact of 2.289 Ă
as well as series of (H3)CHâŻO/CPh hydrogen bonds enforce spatial CH4 fixation (the molecule obeys C3-symmetry) and slight activation. A trigonal-pyramidal SiâCHeq3âHax local geometry is thereby approached with HaxâCâHeq angles decreased to 103.7°. All attempts to replace the Lews acidic âBPh2 fragments in 1 with basic âPR2 (R = Ph, tBu) fragments indeed increased intra-molecular hydrogen bonding between host molecule and CH4, and thus caused stronger activation of the latter, however ultimately resulted in the formation of energetically favorable quenched structures with short PâSi contacts, making CH4 binding hard to achieve. The electronic situation of two hypothetic methane complexes, 1+CH4 and [(5-tBu2P-xan-4-)3SiCH4]+ (2+CH4), was determined by a set of calculated real-space bonding indicators (RSBIs) including the Atoms-In-Molecules (AIM), non-covalent interactions index (NCI), and electron localizability indicator (ELI-D) methods, highlighting crucial differences in the level of activation. The proposed ligand systems serve as blueprints for a more general structural design with adjustable trigonal ligand systems in which central atom, spacer fragment, and functional peri-partner can be varied to facilitate different chemical tasks
In silico capture of noble gas atoms with a light atom molecule
Noble gas atoms (Ng = He, Ne, Ar, and Kr) can be captured in silico with a light atom molecule containing only C, H, Si, O, and B atoms. Extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations on series of peri-substituted scaffolds indicate that confined spaces (voids) capable to energy efficiently encapsulate and bind Ng atoms are accessible by design of a tripodal peri-substituted ligand, namely, [(5-Ph2B-xan-4-)3Si]H (xan = xanthene) comprising (after hydride abstraction) four Lewis acidic sites within the cationic structure [(5-Ph2B-xan-4-)3Si]+. The host (ligand system) thereby provides an adoptive environment for the guest (Ng atom) to accommodate for its particular size. Whereas considerable chemical interactions are detectable between the ligand system and the heavier Ng atoms Kr and Ar in the host guest complex [(5-Ph2B-xan-4-)3Si·Ng]+, the lighter Ng atoms Ne and He are rather tolerated by the ligand system instead of being chemically bound to it, nicely highlighting the gradual onset of (weak) chemical bonding along the series He to Kr. A variety of real-space bonding indicators (RSBIs) derived from the calculated electron and pair densities provides valuable insight to the situation of an âisolated atom in a moleculeâ in case of He, uncovering its size and shape, whereas minute charge rearrangements caused by polarization of the outer electron shell of the larger Ng atoms results in formation of polarized interactions for Ar and Kr with non-negligible covalent bond contributions for Kr. The present study shows that noble gas atoms can be trapped by small light-atom molecules without the forceful conditions necessary using cage structures such as fullerenes, boranes and related compounds or by using super-electrophilic sites like [B12(CN)11]â if the chelating effect of several Lewis acidic sites within one molecule is employed
In Silico Activation of CO2, NO2, and SO2 with Light Atom Molecules and Stepwise Conversion of CO2 into Methanol and Water
CO2, NO2, and SO2 can be activated in silico with tailor-made light atom tripodal ligand systems carrying particular numbers of Lewis acidic and basic sites in specific relative orientations. In the calculated EO2-adducts (E=C, N, S), considerable EâO bond elongations of 0.1â0.3â
Ă
, decreasing the E=O double bond character, and OâEâO angle alterations, approaching tetrahedral geometry, activate the donor acceptor complexes towards reduction with BH4â. The lone pairs of the P atoms thereby serve as donors towards the central element, C, N, or S, whereas the electron deficient B atoms serve as acceptors. The charge redistribution within the EO2 complex was monitored by a variety of DFT-derived real-space bonding indicators (RSBIs) including bond topologies, non-covalent contact patches, and electron pair basins. For one CO2-complex, the reduction towards methanol and water was conducted via stepwise addition of Hâ and H+. The most critical steps are the initial CO2 uptake due to potential quenching of the ligand systems in their active state, increasing the kinetic barrier, and the release of methanol and water from the ligand system due to potential ligand poisoning. Unbeneficial side reactions in the stepwise reduction and protonation have to be considered
In silico activation of dinitrogen with a light atom molecule
The N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N triple bond can be cleaved in silico with a light atom molecule containing only the earth abundant elements C, H, Si, and P. Extensive density functional theory (DFT) computations on various classes of peri-substituted scaffolds containing Lewis acidic and basic sites in the framework of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) indicate that the presence of two silyl cations and two P atoms in a flexible but not too flexible arrangement is essential for energy efficient N2-activation. The non-bonding lone-pair electrons of the P atoms thereby serve as donors towards N2, whereas the lone-pairs of N2 donate into the silyl cations. Newly formed lone-pair basins in the N2-adducts balance surplus charge. Thereby, the NâN bond distance is increased by astonishing 0.3 Ă
, from 1.1 Ă
in N2 gas to 1.4 Ă
in the adduct, which makes this bond prone to subsequent addition of hydride ions and protonation, forming two secondary amine sites in the process and eventually breaking the N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N triple bond. Potential formation of dead-end states, in which the dications (âactive statesâ) aversively form a Lewis acid (LA)âLewis base (LB) bond, or in which the LA and LB sites are too far away from each other to be able to capture N2, are problematic but might be circumvented by proper choice of spacer molecules, such as acenaphthalene or biphenylene, and the ligands attached to the LA and LB atoms, such as phenyl or mesityl, and by purging the reaction solutions with gaseous N2 in the initial reaction steps. Charge redistributions via N2-activation and splitting were monitored by a variety of real-space bonding indicators (RSBIs) derived from the calculated electron and electron pair densities, which provided valuable insight into the bonding situation within the different reaction steps
The Bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium Ion Revisited
The bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium ion, [Fc2P]+, reported by Cowley etâ
al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 714â715), was the only claimed donorâfree divalent phosphenium ion. Our examination of the molecular and electronic structure reveals that [Fc2P]+ possesses significant intramolecular Feâ
â
â
P contacts, which are predominantly electrostatic and moderate the Lewis acidity. Nonetheless, [Fc2P]+ undergoes complex formation with the Lewis bases PPh3 and IPr to give the donorâacceptor complexes [Fc2P(PPh3)]+ and [Fc2P(IPr)]+ (IPr=1,3âbis(2,6âdiisopropylphenyl)imidazoleâ2âylidene)
Identification of YdhV as the first molybdoenzyme binding a Bis-Mo-MPT cofactor in escherichia coli
The oxidoreductase YdhV in Escherichia coli has been predicted to belong to the family of molybdenum/tungsten cofactor (Moco/Wco)-containing enzymes. In this study, we characterized the YdhV protein in detail, which shares amino acid sequence homology with a tungsten-containing benzoyl-CoA reductase binding the bis-W-MPT (for metal-binding pterin) cofactor. The cofactor was identified to be of a bis-Mo-MPT type with no guanine nucleotides present, which represents a form of Moco that has not been found previously in any molybdoenzyme. Our studies showed that YdhV has a preference for bis-Mo-MPT over bis-W-MPT to be inserted into the enzyme. In-depth characterization of YdhV by X-ray absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies revealed that the bis-Mo-MPT cofactor in YdhV is redox active. The bis-Mo-MPT and bis-W-MPT cofactors include metal centers that bind the four sulfurs from the two dithiolene groups in addition to a cysteine and likely a sulfido ligand. The unexpected presence of a bis-Mo-MPT cofactor opens an additional route for cofactor biosynthesis in E. coli and expands the canon of the structurally highly versatile molybdenum and tungsten cofactors
Synthesis, Structure and Bonding Analysis of the Zwitterionic PPP-Pincer Complex (6-Ph2P-Ace-5-)2P(O)AuCl2
The reaction of (6-Ph2P-Ace-5-)2P(O)H with (tht)AuCl3proceeds via elimination oftetrahydrothiophene (tht) and HCl, providing the zwitterionic PPP-pincer complex (6-Ph2P-Ace-5-)2P(O)AuCl2(1) as yellow crystals. The molecular structure of1was established and studied by X-raycrystallography. The electronic structure was computationally analyzed using a comprehensiveset of real-space bonding indicators derived from electron and electron-pair densities, providinginsight into the relative contributions of covalent and non-covalent forces to the polar-covalent AuâCl,AuâP, and PâOâbonds; the latter being one of the textbook cases for strongly polarized covalentinteractions. Partial spatial complementarity between both bonding aspects is suggested by theelectronic properties of the distinctively different AuâCl bonds
Lewis Superacidic Divalent Bis( m âterphenyl)element Cations [(2,6âMes 2 C 6 H 3 ) 2 E] + of Group 13 Revisited and Extended (E=B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)
In a combined experimental and computational study, the
molecular and electronic structures of the divalent bis(m-
terphenyl)element cations [(2,6-Mes2C6H3)2E]+ of group 13 (1,
E=B; 2, E=Al; 3, E=Ga; 4, E=In; 5, E=Tl) were investigated. The
preparation and characterization of 2, 3 and 5 were previously
reported by Wehmschulteâs (Organometallics 2004, 23, 1965â
1967; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1470â1471) and our groups
(Organometallics 2009, 28, 6893â6901). The indinium ion 4 was
prepared and fully characterized for the first time. Attempts to
prepare the borinium ion 1 by fluoride or hydride abstraction
were unsuccessful. The electronic structures of 1â5 and the
stabilization by the bulky m-terphenyl substituents were
analyzed using quantum chemical calculations and compared
to the divalent bis(m-terphenyl)pnictogenium ions [(2,6-
Mes2C6H3)2E]+ of group 15 (6, E=P; 7, E=As; 8, E=Sb; 9, E=Bi)
previously investigated by our group (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2018, 57, 10080â10084). The calculated fluoride ion affinities
(FIA) of 1â9 are higher than that of SbF5, which classifies them
as Lewis superacids
Oxygen Evolution Activity of Amorphous Cobalt Oxyhydroxides: Interconnecting Precatalyst Reconstruction, LongâRange Order, BufferâBinding, Morphology, Mass Transport, and Operation Temperature
Nanocrystalline or amorphous cobalt oxyhydroxides (CoCat) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). While having the same shortârange order, CoCat phases possess different electrocatalytic properties. This phenomenon is not conclusively understood, as multiple interdependent parameters affect the OER activity simultaneously. Herein, a layered cobalt borophosphate precatalyst, Co(H2O)2[B2P2O8(OH)2]·H2O, is fully reconstructed into two different CoCat phases. In contrast to previous reports, this reconstruction is not initiated at the surface but at the electrode substrate to catalyst interface. Ex situ and in situ investigations of the two borophosphate derived CoCats, as well as the prominent CoPi and CoBi identify differences in the Tafel slope/range, buffer binding and content, longârange order, number of accessible edge sites, redox activity, and morphology. Considering and interconnecting these aspects together with proton massâtransport limitations, a comprehensive picture is provided explaining the different OER activities. The most decisive factors are the buffers used for reconstruction, the number of edge sites that are not inhibited by irreversibly bonded buffers, and the morphology. With this acquired knowledge, an optimized OER system is realized operating in nearâneutral potassium borate medium at 1.62 ± 0.03 VRHE yielding 250 mA cmâ2 at 65 °C for 1 month without degrading performance
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