Mean baseline normalized performance at 1:00am (16 hours awake), 5:00am (20 hours awake) and 11:00 am (26 hours awake) compared with performance after a normal night of sleep (at 11:00 am) across dependent variables of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test, Critical Tracking Test, Divided Attention Test, and Attention Network Test.

<p>*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p< 0.001. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean.</p

Correlations between changes (performance at 5:00 am—performance after normal night of sleep) in mean reaction time in the Psychomotor Vigilance Test and changes in SDLP.

<p>Correlations between changes (performance at 5:00 am—performance after normal night of sleep) in mean reaction time in the Psychomotor Vigilance Test and changes in SDLP.</p

Mean baseline normalized performance at 1:00 am (16 hours awake), 5:00 am (20 hours awake) and 11:00 am (26 hours awake) compared with performance after a normal night of sleep (at 11:00 am) across dependent variables of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Concept Shifting Test, Determination Test, Useful Field of View Test, and Postural Balance Test.

<p>*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p <0.001. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean.</p

Significant correlations between changes in laboratory test parameters and changes in on-the-road highway driving parameters between time points during a night of sleep deprivation and testing after a normal night of sleep.

<p>^a outliers, i.e. values larger than ± 2 SD from the mean, were removed.</p><p>*p <. 05,</p><p>**p <. 01.</p><p>Abbreviations: SDLP = Standard Deviation of Lateral Position, SDSP = Standard Deviation of Speed.</p><p>Significant correlations between changes in laboratory test parameters and changes in on-the-road highway driving parameters between time points during a night of sleep deprivation and testing after a normal night of sleep.</p

Mean (SE), Overall Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Contrast Analyses of Laboratory Tests.

<p>Abbreviations: z-AE = z-score of average tracking error; z-lg10(cl) = z-score of log transformed total number of control losses; z-RT = z-score of reaction time; z-log10(mi) = z-score of log transformed total number of misses; ln = natural log.</p><p>Mean (SE), Overall Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Contrast Analyses of Laboratory Tests.</p

Mean difference scores with 95% confidence intervals with performance after normal night of sleep, mean baseline^*-normalized z-scores, and effect sizes (Dunlap’s) of the performance tests.

<p>+ indicates moderate effect size;</p><p>++ indicates large effect sizes.</p><p>Abbreviations: RT = Reaction Time; z-AE = z-score of average tracking error; z-lg10(cl) = z-score of log transformed total number of control losses; z-RT = z-score of reaction time; z-log10(mi) = z-score of log transformed total number of misses; ln = natural log.</p><p>* baseline is performance after a night of normal sleep on a separate day.</p><p>Mean difference scores with 95% confidence intervals with performance after normal night of sleep, mean baseline^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117045#t003fn004" target="_blank">*</a>}-normalized z-scores, and effect sizes (Dunlap’s) of the performance tests.</p