Developing a modern thermal strengthening technique for regulated fishplate cooling

A modern ecologically friendly technique for fishplate (joint bar) thermal strengthening by regulated water cooling is proposed. The proposed technique can successfully replace the conventional one - oil quenching - due to making the cooling process more controlled by obtaining a uniform temperature distribution over fishplate elements with a different mass such as heads and the wet. The oil quenching process is an out of control fire hazardous one and requires controlling the permanent cooling capability, fishplate flushing after the operation. It is necessary to utilize the oil and to have a special ventilation system. As a mineral oil substitute, the usage of polymer media has been investigated. Within the time, the polymer solution needs to be recycled; the high cost of polymer concentrates also plays an important role. Quenching by water spraying is the most ecological and controlled type of thermal strengthening. The technique was validated by a test bench experiment and implemented in the metallurgical industry. The mechanical properties have been obtained to meet the GOST 4133-73 technical requirements. Moreover, the analysis made showed that when the controlled cooling device is fitted into the line existing due to exclusion of the hardening tank and washing machine from the processing flow it is possible to save energy, exclude the expenditures for acquisition, the preparation of oil and washing mixtures as well as for regeneration of the oils used and washing solutions. © 2014 WIT Press.International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering;International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning;WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environmen

A Study of the Crystal Structure of SmCaCo1−xFexO4−δ and Sm0.9Ca1.1Fe1−yCoyO4−δ Solid Solutions

Complex oxides with general compositions SmCaCo1−xFexO4−δ and Sm0.9Ca1.1Fe1−yCoyCO4−δ are synthesized using the glycerol-nitrate technique at 1100 °C in air. By powder X-ray diffraction it is determined that SmCaCo1−xFexO4−δ solid solutions exist in a composition range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 and Sm0.9Ca1.1Fe1−yCoyO4−δ solid solutions exist in a composition range 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.7. The samples with high concentrations of cobalt ions are found to crystallize in the tetragonal unit cell (space group I4/mmm), whereas the solid solutions enriched with iron ions have the orthorhombic structure (space group Bmab). For all single phase samples the unit cell parameters and volume and the structural parameters (atomic coordinates and bond lengths) are calculated by the full-profile Rietveld method. © 2019, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

The composite picture of the charge carriers in La2-xSrxCuO4 (0.063 < x < 0.11) superconductors

Through far-infrared studies of La2-xSrxCuO4 single crystals for x = 0.063, 0.07, 0.09, and 0.11, we found that only ~ 0.2 % of the total holes participated in the nearly dissipationless normal state charge transport and superconductivity. We have also observed characteristic collective modes at w ~ 18 cm-1 and 22 cm-1 due to the bound carriers in an electronic lattice (EL) state and the free carriers are massively screened by the EL. Our findings lead us to propose a composite picture of the charge system where the free carriers are coupled to and riding on the EL. This unique composite system of charge carriers may provide further insights into the understanding of the cuprate physics.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

The significance of immunohistochemical markers in the assessment of the oral mucosa

Leukoplakia - the most common lesion of the oral mucosa. Early methods of diagnosis of this disease are the key to successful treatment. With the aim of improving the quality of the diagnostic features of verrucous leukoplakia, immunohistochemical examination was conducted of the buccal mucosa biopsy specimens that were taken from 12 patients who had applied for the purpose of routine inspection in the period 2017-2019 biennium. We present the results of the immunohistochemical method of research, allowing to timely determine the pathological transformation of the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the cheeks in the pathological focus.Лейкоплакия - наиболее распространенное поражение слизистой оболочки рта. Ранние методы диагностики этого заболевания является залогом успешного лечения. С целью повышения качества диагностических особенностей веррукозной лейкоплакии, было проведено иммуногистохимическое исследование биоптатов слизистой оболочки щек взятых у 12 пациентов, которые обратились с целью профилактического осмотра в период 2017-2019 гг. Нами представлены результативные данные иммуногистохимического метода исследования, позволяющие своевременно определить патологическую трансформацию клеток эпителия слизистой оболочки щек в области патологического очага

Sum rules and electrodynamics of high-Tc cuprates in the pseudogap state

We explore connections between the electronic density of states (DOS) in a conducting system and the frequency dependence of the scattering rate $1/\tau(\omega)$ inferred from infrared spectroscopy. We show that changes in the DOS upon the development of energy gaps can be reliably tracked through the examination of the $1/\tau(\omega)$ spectra using the sum rules discussed in the text. Applying this analysis to the charge dynamics in high-$T_c$ cuprates we found radically different trends in the evolution of the DOS in the pseudogap state and in the superconducting state.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Electron Dynamics in Nd1.85_{1.85}Ce.15_{.15}CuO4+δ_{4+\delta}: Evidence for the Pseudogap State and Unconventional c-axis Response

Infrared reflectance measurements were made with light polarized along the a- and c-axis of both superconducting and antiferromagnetic phases of electron doped Nd$_{1.85}$Ce$_{.15}$CuO$_{4+\delta}$. The results are compared to characteristic features of the electromagnetic response in hole doped cuprates. Within the CuO$_2$ planes the frequency dependent scattering rate, 1/$\tau(\omega)$, is depressed below $\sim$ 650 cm$^{-1}$; this behavior is a hallmark of the pseudogap state. While in several hole doped compounds the energy scales associated with the pseudogap and superconducting states are quite close, we are able to show that in Nd$_{1.85}$Ce$_{.15}$CuO$_{4+\delta}$ the two scales differ by more than one order of magnitude. Another feature of the in-plane charge response is a peak in the real part of the conductivity, $\sigma_1(\omega)$, at 50-110 cm$^{-1}$ which is in sharp contrast with the Drude-like response where $\sigma_1(\omega)$ is centered at $\omega=0$. This latter effect is similar to what is found in disordered hole doped cuprates and is discussed in the context of carrier localization. Examination of the c-axis conductivity gives evidence for an anomalously broad frequency range from which the interlayer superfluid is accumulated. Compelling evidence for the pseudogap state as well as other characteristics of the charge dynamics in Nd$_{1.85}$Ce$_{.15}$CuO$_{4+\delta}$ signal global similarities of the cuprate phase diagram with respect to electron and hole doping.Comment: Submitted to PR

Study of the main methods for reducing the polymerization shrinkage of light curing composites (literature review)

Among the wide variety of filling materials, the most common light-curing composites are. According to some authors, there is no composite material that does not shrink during polymerization. Polymerization shrinkage of light curing composites is an actual problem in modern dentistry due to the possible emergence of a number of complications: postoperative sensitivity, depressurization of restorations, which subsequently leads to the development of secondary caries, the appearance of cracks in the enamel. This article provides an overview of modern domestic and foreign literature on methods for preventing the polymerization shrinkage of light curing composites. In the course of the study, we identified the main requirements, the observance of which contributes to the reduction of polymerization shrinkage. The data obtained indicate an increase in the quality, durability, and aesthetics in the application of light curing composites.Среди большого разнообразия пломбировочных материалов наиболее распространены композиты светового отверждения. По мнению ряда авторов, не существует композитного материала, не подвергающегося усадке при полимеризации. Полимеризационная усадка композитов светового отверждения является актуальной проблемой в современной стоматологии за счет возможного возникновения ряда осложнений: послеоперационная чувствительность, разгерметизации реставраций, что впоследствии приводит к развитию вторичного кариеса, появлению трещин в эмали. В данной статье представлен обзор современной отечественной и зарубежной литературы о методах предупреждения полимеризационной усадки композитов светового отверждения. В ходе исследования нами были выделены основные требования, соблюдение которых способствует уменьшению полимеризационной усадки. Полученные данные свидетельствуют об увеличении сроков качества, долговечности и улучшения эстетичности при применении композитов светового отверждения

3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial

Background Liraglutide 3\ub70 mg was shown to reduce bodyweight and improve glucose metabolism after the 56-week period of this trial, one of four trials in the SCALE programme. In the 3-year assessment of the SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes trial we aimed to evaluate the proportion of individuals with prediabetes who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults with prediabetes and a body-mass index of at least 30 kg/m2, or at least 27 kg/m2 with comorbidities, were randomised 2:1, using a telephone or web-based system, to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3\ub70 mg or matched placebo, as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. Time to diabetes onset by 160 weeks was the primary outcome, evaluated in all randomised treated individuals with at least one post-baseline assessment. The trial was conducted at 191 clinical research sites in 27 countries and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01272219. Findings The study ran between June 1, 2011, and March 2, 2015. We randomly assigned 2254 patients to receive liraglutide (n=1505) or placebo (n=749). 1128 (50%) participants completed the study up to week 160, after withdrawal of 714 (47%) participants in the liraglutide group and 412 (55%) participants in the placebo group. By week 160, 26 (2%) of 1472 individuals in the liraglutide group versus 46 (6%) of 738 in the placebo group were diagnosed with diabetes while on treatment. The mean time from randomisation to diagnosis was 99 (SD 47) weeks for the 26 individuals in the liraglutide group versus 87 (47) weeks for the 46 individuals in the placebo group. Taking the different diagnosis frequencies between the treatment groups into account, the time to onset of diabetes over 160 weeks among all randomised individuals was 2\ub77 times longer with liraglutide than with placebo (95% CI 1\ub79 to 3\ub79, p<0\ub70001), corresponding with a hazard ratio of 0\ub721 (95% CI 0\ub713\u20130\ub734). Liraglutide induced greater weight loss than placebo at week 160 (\u20136\ub71 [SD 7\ub73] vs 121\ub79% [6\ub73]; estimated treatment difference 124\ub73%, 95% CI 124\ub79 to 123\ub77, p<0\ub70001). Serious adverse events were reported by 227 (15%) of 1501 randomised treated individuals in the liraglutide group versus 96 (13%) of 747 individuals in the placebo group. Interpretation In this trial, we provide results for 3 years of treatment, with the limitation that withdrawn individuals were not followed up after discontinuation. Liraglutide 3\ub70 mg might provide health benefits in terms of reduced risk of diabetes in individuals with obesity and prediabetes. Funding Novo Nordisk, Denmark

A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management

BACKGROUND Obesity is a chronic disease with serious health consequences, but weight loss is difficult to maintain through lifestyle intervention alone. Liraglutide, a glucagonlike peptide-1 analogue, has been shown to have potential benefit for weight management at a once-daily dose of 3.0 mg, injected subcutaneously. METHODS We conducted a 56-week, double-blind trial involving 3731 patients who did not have type 2 diabetes and who had a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 30 or a BMI of at least 27 if they had treated or untreated dyslipidemia or hypertension. We randomly assigned patients in a 2:1 ratio to receive once-daily subcutaneous injections of liraglutide at a dose of 3.0 mg (2487 patients) or placebo (1244 patients); both groups received counseling on lifestyle modification. The coprimary end points were the change in body weight and the proportions of patients losing at least 5% and more than 10% of their initial body weight. RESULTS At baseline, the mean (±SD) age of the patients was 45.1±12.0 years, the mean weight was 106.2±21.4 kg, and the mean BMI was 38.3±6.4; a total of 78.5% of the patients were women and 61.2% had prediabetes. At week 56, patients in the liraglutide group had lost a mean of 8.4±7.3 kg of body weight, and those in the placebo group had lost a mean of 2.8±6.5 kg (a difference of -5.6 kg; 95% confidence interval, -6.0 to -5.1; P&lt;0.001, with last-observation-carried-forward imputation). A total of 63.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group as compared with 27.1% in the placebo group lost at least 5% of their body weight (P&lt;0.001), and 33.1% and 10.6%, respectively, lost more than 10% of their body weight (P&lt;0.001). The most frequently reported adverse events with liraglutide were mild or moderate nausea and diarrhea. Serious events occurred in 6.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group and in 5.0% of the patients in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS In this study, 3.0 mg of liraglutide, as an adjunct to diet and exercise, was associated with reduced body weight and improved metabolic control. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01272219.)

Selection and justification of possibilities of use of the method of immunohistochemical studies in the diagnosis of early manifestations ceratotheca processes of the oral mucosa (literature review)

In this review, we consider topical issues of the importance of the use of immunohistochemical research methods in the prediction and early diagnosis of pathological processes of the oral mucosa. Determination of immunohistochemical markers in this case has a high diagnostic value in the qualitative verification of signs of malignancy of keratotic processes of the oral mucosa.В настоящем обзоре рассматривается актуальные вопросы значимости использования иммуногистохимических методов исследования в прогнозировании и ранней диагностике патологических процессов слизистой оболочки рта. Определение иммуногистохимических маркеров в данном случае имеет высокую диагностическую ценность в качественной верификации признаков озлокачествления кератотических процессов слизистой оболочки рта