Chain Gang: Examining the Seventh Circuit\u27s Chain of Distribution Test When Applying Minimum Sentences for Drug-Related Deaths

If a person dies or is seriously injured after using illegal drugs, the person who sold them the drugs is subject to mandatory minimum sentences under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b). But what happens when the person who sold the drug is a member of a drug distribution conspiracy? How can the courts go after the other members of that organization? The Seventh Circuit answered these questions in United States v. Walker, when it held that other members of the conspiracy could also be subject to § 841(b)\u27s minimum sentences as long as they were within the chain of distribution for that fatal dose. Therefore, when someone takes a fatal dose of drugs, courts can use the chain of distribution rationale to impose minimum sentences all the way from the street-corner drug dealer to the drug kingpin. This Comment looks at the legislative history behind § 841(b) and comments on Congress\u27s attempts to use drug laws to target high-ranking members of drug organizations. Next, this Comment analyzes how the various circuits apply minimum sentences for individual drug crimes without any proximate cause or foreseeability requirement. Finally, this Comment looks at the facts in Walker, analyzes why the Seventh Circuit adopted a fact-intensive test for members of conspiracies, and argues that Walker best unifies the Seventh Circuit\u27s sentencing standards for other drug-conspiracy crimes

Chain Gang: Examining the Seventh Circuit\u27s Chain of Distribution Test When Applying Minimum Sentences for Drug-Related Deaths

If a person dies or is seriously injured after using illegal drugs, the person who sold them the drugs is subject to mandatory minimum sentences under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b). But what happens when the person who sold the drug is a member of a drug distribution conspiracy? How can the courts go after the other members of that organization? The Seventh Circuit answered these questions in United States v. Walker, when it held that other members of the conspiracy could also be subject to § 841(b)\u27s minimum sentences as long as they were within the chain of distribution for that fatal dose. Therefore, when someone takes a fatal dose of drugs, courts can use the chain of distribution rationale to impose minimum sentences all the way from the street-corner drug dealer to the drug kingpin. This Comment looks at the legislative history behind § 841(b) and comments on Congress\u27s attempts to use drug laws to target high-ranking members of drug organizations. Next, this Comment analyzes how the various circuits apply minimum sentences for individual drug crimes without any proximate cause or foreseeability requirement. Finally, this Comment looks at the facts in Walker, analyzes why the Seventh Circuit adopted a fact-intensive test for members of conspiracies, and argues that Walker best unifies the Seventh Circuit\u27s sentencing standards for other drug-conspiracy crimes

The Saga of the Notre Dame Law School Class of 1969 “Fierce Competition, Stronger Friendships”

The Saga is a collective memorial of the Notre Dame Law School class of 1969 of their time spent at the law school. Front Matter Memorial Names Introductory Note The First of the Fighting Irish IntroductionBefore the BeginningIn the Beginning Our Class Orientation with Dean O\u27Meara First Semester Football Preliminary Matters Courses Miscellaneous Matters Social Activities Lunch with Dean O\u27Meara Food Second Semester Courses Lunch with Dean O\u27Meara Cartels and Comprehensive Exams Social Activities Summer Recess Third Semester Courses Social Activities Fourth Semester Courses Social Activities Dean Joseph O\u27Meara\u27s Retirement Robert F. Kennedy at Notre Dame MLK Candlelight Vigil The Summer of 1968 Fifth Semester Student Organizations Major Changes Courses Miscellaneous Matters Social Activities Sixth Semester Courses Shaffer as Dean Miscellaneous GraduationPost GraduationEnd PieceAppendicies A: Dean O\u27Meara\u27s letter to the Class of 1968 and 1969 B: Remembering RFK C: Robert F. Kennedy at Notre Dame, April 4, 1968, by Bob Greene D: Notre Dame Law Review E: Heir F: Principles of the Common Law G: 124th Commencement Exercises, June 1, 1969 H: 50 Year Reunion 1969–201

Computer Graphics Based Optical Tracking for Hypersonic Free-Flight Experiments

Aerodynamic measurement in hypersonic short-duration facilities – facilities with test times shorter than 10 milliseconds – is a topic of ongoing research. Standard force-balance approaches cannot handle the short test-time or the flow-initiating shock wave. Experimentalists have developed alternative techniques; but these techniques deliver merely adequate results at the cost of significant operational and – especially – calibration complexity. Recently, Laurence, et al. proposed using high-speed shadowgraph imaging and edge fitting (matching the visualized edge to an analytic equation for that edge) to make high-precision free-flight measurements of capsules. This new technique promised equivalent accuracy to existing techniques with far less pre-test calibration. The technique as developed, however, was limited to simple shapes in 2D motion. This thesis presents a generalization of the edge-fitting concept. Using the correspondence between a model's orientation and its silhouette, the trajectory of a model may be tracked to $1 \, \rm \mu m$ positional and $0.01^{\circ}$ angular accuracy. The silhouette is generated using computer-graphics techniques based upon a 3D mesh of the model's surface geometry. Consequently, the proposed technique is general to the model shape, the number of models, the properties of the camera imaging the experiment, and the number of cameras. Using the technique, we measured the hypersonic aerodynamics of a sphere, a blunt sphere-cone capsule, a lifting-body spacecraft, and the University of Maryland Testudo. In addition, multiple-camera and multiple-body tracking capability is demonstrated with an experiment investigating the dynamics of a breaking-up satellite. Results show that the method achieves accuracy comparable to or better than existing techniques with a simpler experimental procedure

Chain Gang: Examining the Seventh Circuit\u27s Chain of Distribution Test When Applying Minimum Sentences for Drug-Related Deaths

If a person dies or is seriously injured after using illegal drugs, the person who sold them the drugs is subject to mandatory minimum sentences under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b). But what happens when the person who sold the drug is a member of a drug distribution conspiracy? How can the courts go after the other members of that organization? The Seventh Circuit answered these questions in United States v. Walker, when it held that other members of the conspiracy could also be subject to § 841(b)\u27s minimum sentences as long as they were within the chain of distribution for that fatal dose. Therefore, when someone takes a fatal dose of drugs, courts can use the chain of distribution rationale to impose minimum sentences all the way from the street-corner drug dealer to the drug kingpin. This Comment looks at the legislative history behind § 841(b) and comments on Congress\u27s attempts to use drug laws to target high-ranking members of drug organizations. Next, this Comment analyzes how the various circuits apply minimum sentences for individual drug crimes without any proximate cause or foreseeability requirement. Finally, this Comment looks at the facts in Walker, analyzes why the Seventh Circuit adopted a fact-intensive test for members of conspiracies, and argues that Walker best unifies the Seventh Circuit\u27s sentencing standards for other drug-conspiracy crimes