Ballistic (precessional) contribution to the conventional magnetic switching

We consider a magnetic moment with an easy axis anisotropy energy, switched by an external field applied along this axis. Additional small, time-independent bias field is applied perpendicular to the axis. It is found that the magnet's switching time is a non-monotonic function of the rate at which the field is swept from "up" to "down". Switching time exhibits a minimum at a particular optimal sweep time. This unusual behavior is explained by the admixture of a ballistic (precessional) rotation of the moment caused by the perpendicular bias field in the presence of a variable switching field. We derive analytic expressions for the optimal switching time, and for the entire dependence of the switching time on the field sweep time. The existence of the optimal field sweep time has important implications for the optimization of magnetic memory devices

Computer modeling of multiple-channel input signals and intermodulation losses caused by nonlinear traveling wave tube amplifiers

The multiple channel input signal to a soft limiter amplifier as a traveling wave tube is represented as a finite, linear sum of Gaussian functions in the frequency domain. Linear regression is used to fit the channel shapes to a least squares residual error. Distortions in output signal, namely intermodulation products, are produced by the nonlinear gain characteristic of the amplifier and constitute the principal noise analyzed in this study. The signal to noise ratios are calculated for various input powers from saturation to 10 dB below saturation for two specific distributions of channels. A criterion for the truncation of the series expansion of the nonlinear transfer characteristic is given. It is found that he signal to noise ratios are very sensitive to the coefficients used in this expansion. Improper or incorrect truncation of the series leads to ambiguous results in the signal to noise ratios

Design of high-perveance confined-flow guns for periodic-permanent-magnet-focused tubes

An approach to the design of high perveance, low compression guns is described in which confinement is used to stabilize the beam for subsequent periodic-permanent-magnet focusing. The computed results for two cases are presented. A magnetic boundary value problem was solved for the scalar potential from which the axial magnetic field was computed. A solution was found by iterating between Poisson's equation and the electron trajectory calculations. Magnetic field values were varied in magnitude until a laminar beam with minimum scalloping was produced

Refocusing properties of periodic magnetic fields

The use of depressed collectors for the efficient collection of spent beams from linear-beam microwave tubes depends on a refocusing procedure in which the space charge forces and transverse velocity components are reduced. The refocusing properties are evaluated of permanent magnet configurations whose axial fields are approximated by constant plateaus or linearly varying fields. The results provide design criteria and show that the refocusing properties can be determined from the plateau fields alone

Evaluation of magnetic refocusing in linear-beam microwave tubes

Magnetic field configurations in which the axial component of the field decays linearly to a constant plateau field are evaluated for use in refocusing the output beam of linear beam microwave tubes. The slope of the decay and the value of the plateau field are parameters in this study. A uniform beam with a space charge force only in the radial direction is assumed, and the electron trajectories are computed for various classes. For a given magnetic configuration (slope and plateau value) the plateau length is calculated for a specified class and the rms deviation of the output angles for all classes is computed at the end of this plateau length. A minimum condition for a refocused beam is defined to be one in which the rms value of the output angles is less than the rms input. Many of the configurations satisfied this criteria and successfully reduced the rms value by half