Polyakov Loops and Magnetic Screening from Monopoles in SU(2) Lattice Gauge Theory

We present results from magnetic monopoles in $SU(2)$ lattice gauge theory at finite temperature. The lattices are $16^{3}\times N_{t}$, for $N_{t}=4,6,8,12$, at $\beta=2.5115$. Quantities discussed are: the spacial string tension, Polyakov loops, and the screening of timelike and spacelike magnetic currents.Comment: 5 pages, four Postscript figures, Late

The death of John Stuart Mill

This article surveys the fiercely contested posthumous assessments of John Stuart Mill in the newspaper and periodical press, in the months following his death in May 1873, and elicits the broader intellectual context. Judgements made in the immediate wake of Mill's death influence biographers and historians to this day and provide an illuminating aperture into the politics and shifting ideological forces of the period. The article considers how Mill's failure to control his posthumous reputation demonstrates both the inextricable intertwining of politics and character in the 1870s, and the difficulties his allies faced. In particular, it shows the sharp division between Mill's middle and working class admirers; the use of James Mill's name as a rebuke to his son; the redefinition of Malthusianism in the 1870s; and how publication of Mill's Autobiography damaged his reputation. Finally, the article considers the relative absence of both theological and Darwinian critiques of Mill

Tribology matters

Tribology touches every aspect of our day to day existence and the wonder of this is that we are completely unaware how central it is to how we function. Take a snapshot of thebeginning of a normal working day for example. A typical morning start will involve brushing one's teeth with toothpaste containing mild abrasive (with a toothbrush with an optimized design for brushing efficiency), using a shampoo and conditioner which have been tested for frictional properties on a wide range of hair types, and for those who have the traditional morning fry up - lubricating the pan in advance with cooking oil to provide a boundary layer between the food and the pan and to reduce adhesion and heat transfer. It is clear that tribology plays a major role in our everyday lives. Whether starting out for work by foot, bicycle or car, friction will define whether our shoes or tyres can grip the road surface and whether the brake or clutch will do their job. If it is raining, the speed limit is modified in some countries, testifying to the influence of tribologists in decision making in the transport industries

There's something in the way you move : horse racing and skiing are two sports where a better understanding of friction could work

Have you ever had the experience of gliding effortlessly across a dance floor with a partner of rugby-player proportions, yet endured a swollen ankle minutes later from the quickstep of someone half the size? Why does one twin sister seem to be "hard" on shoes while the other can make a pair last twice as long? The explanation for counterintuitive phenomena like these lies in the study of friction and wear - a field known as tribology - and an increasingly rich source of tribological data come from the science of sport

Tribo-corrosion maps for application in bio-tribology : some new approaches

Advances in the study of tribo-corrosion of materials in recent years have included the development of mechanistic maps, showing the transitions between the regimes as a function of the main process parameters. In such cases, maps have been constructed in both two and three dimensions. There are now a variety of modelling algorithms which may be used to map a range of performance indicators over a multi-parameter space. The interactions of tribo-corrosion in biological environments are becoming of increasing importance

Wear maps for TiC composite based coatings deposited on 303 stainless steel

Dry sliding wear (pin-on-disc) tests were carried out under ambient conditions at room temperature for TiC coated and uncoated 303 stainless steel, using alumina as a counterface. The composite coating which was developed by Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) methods increased the surface hardness of the substrate and the sliding wear resistance of the substrate. Wear maps for both uncoated and coated materials were developed on the basis of tests results. The results indicated that the role of oxidative wear differed significantly for both coated and uncoated materials on the wear map. In addition, it was found that TiC composite coatings not only increased the wear resistance but also expanded the mild wear region towards higher loads and sliding speeds

Mapping erosion-corrosion of carbon steel in oil exploration conditions : some new approaches to characterizing mechanisms and synergies

Erosion by solid particles in oil/water slurries is a technologically important area. In such conditions, it is necessary to distinguish between the effects of the sand, aqueous environment, and the oil. Erosion-corrosion maps provide a means of identification between erosion-corrosion regimes as a function of erosion and corrosion parameters. However, there has been no work carried out to map the effects of parameters in oil/water slurries. This paper investigates the effect of erosion-corrosion on carbon steel in oil field production and maps the results. Distinctions between "synergistic" and "additive" erosion-corrosion behaviour are superimposed on the maps in the various environments

Erosion-corrosion maps for carbon steel in crude oil/water slurries : impact angle and applied potential effects

In studies of erosion-corrosion, there have been few investigations into the effect of tribological issues, such as particle impact and impact angle, on erosion-corrosion of materials in oil field production. Despite this fact, erosion-corrosion in such environments is a major issue. In such conditions, it is important to define regimes where the effect of lubricating oil may modify the erosion properties of the materials. In this study, the combined effects of erosion and corrosion were investigated in three environments, crude oil (high API gravity 52), reservoir water, and 20% reservoir water with crude oil at a range of applied potentials. Erosion-corrosion maps were constructed, based on the results, showing the change in mechanisms and wastage rates as a function of impact angle and applied potential. Regimes of erosion-corrosion were described on such maps using such an approach. From this work, it can be seen that the corrosion contribution was increased with an increase in the percentage of reservoir water. In the crude oil environment, it was shown that the erosion contribution (Ke) was generally higher than that for corrosion suggesting that corrosion was reduced in crude oil. The results are interpreted in terms of the effect of the crude oil environment in modifying the impact properties of the particles therefore providing surprising resistance to particle impacts in nominally aggressive corrosion environments

Mapping erosion-corrosion of carbon steel in oil-water solutions : Effect of velocity and applied potential

In this study, the combined effects of erosion and corrosion on carbon steel were investigated in three environments containing crude oil, reservoir water, and a mixture of both solutions at a range of applied potentials, velocities and impact angle. The results indicate that the corrosion contribution was augmented with an increase in the percentage of reservoir water. Both the erosion and corrosion contributions increased with impact velocity for all three environments. Following exposure of the carbon steel in the crude oil, the extent of the erosion was greater than that of corrosion, whilst in the reservoir water, the erosion and corrosion contributions were similar. Mechanisms of erosion-corrosion were proposed based on the change in erosion behaviour at various impact angles and applied potentials in the various environments. Erosion-corrosion maps were constructed based on the results, showing the change in mechanisms and wastage rates as a function of impact velocity and applied potential at various impact angles