The galaxy's 157 micron (C 2) emission: Observations by means of a spectroscopic lunar-occultation technique

Galactic (C II) 157 micron, fine-structure emission was estimated. At a Galactic longitude of 8 deg, the peak power observed in a 7' x 7' field is approx. 5 x 10 to the -9 Watt. The method used to detect this radiation involved chopping against the cold side of the Moon

Highly ejected J = 16 to 15 rotational transitions of CO at 162.8 mirons in the Orion cloud

The first observations of the J = 16 to J = 15, 162.8 microns transition of CO from an astronomical source are reported. Measurements were carried out on the Kleinmann-Low Nebula. The intensity observed is in good agreement with predictions from previous spectroscopic work carried out in the far infrared. The observation strengthens the previous claim that approximately 1.5 solar mass of molecular hydrogen is heated to a temperature above 750 K within the shocked region in the Nebula. Upper limits to he OH intensity in the F2 (2Pi 1/2) transitions J = 3/2 to J = 1/2 which fall into two groups centered respectively at 163.12 and 163.40 are presented

Observations of the 145.5 micron (OI) emission line in the Orion nebula

A first set of observations of the (OI) 3P to 3P1 (145.5 micron) transition was obtained. The line was observed both in a beam centered on the Trapezium, and in a 7 times wider beam encompassing most of the Orion Nebula. A wide beam map of the region was constructed which shows that most of the emission is confined to the central regions of the nebula. These observations may be compared with reported measurement of the 3P1 to 3P2 (63.2 micron) transition in Orion and are consistent with optically thin emission in the 145.5 micron line and self-adsorbed 63.2 micron emission lines. Mechanisms are discussed for the excitation of neutral oxygen. It is included that much of the observed emission originates in the thin, radio-recombination-line-emitting CII/HI envelope bordering on the HII region

Researching teachers’ time use: Complexity, challenges and a possible way forward

In the context of global concerns about teacher workload and the relationship between workload and attrition, understanding the nature, quantity and intensity of teachers’ work is an essential first step in formulating robust solutions to this significant problem. Understanding teachers’ work, however, is a complex undertaking, and prior attempts have largely been focused on the quantity rather than the intensity or quality of work required and undertaken. This article reports on a pilot study of the Teacher Time Use app, a bespoke tool developed by the research team to ‘get inside’ teachers’ subjective experience of time through a focus on both workload and intensity. Our analysis shows that the app provides a simple, non-demanding way for teachers to record their work in a timely and efficient way. It also highlights the capacity of this approach to understand both the range and quantum of tasks that comprise teachers’ work and consequently the nature and subjective experience of work intensification. We argue the need for a more nuanced empirical understanding of the layering and multi-tasking of teachers’ work that characterises work intensity, and suggest that the Teachers’ Time Use app provides an effective means for recording and representing the complex dimensions of teachers’ work and time use

Deterministic entanglement and tomography of ion spin qubits

We have implemented a universal quantum logic gate between qubits stored in the spin state of a pair of trapped calcium 40 ions. An initial product state was driven to a maximally entangled state deterministically, with 83% fidelity. We present a general approach to quantum state tomography which achieves good robustness to experimental noise and drift, and use it to measure the spin state of the ions. We find the entanglement of formation is 0.54.Comment: 3 figures, 4 pages, footnotes fixe

Long-lived mesoscopic entanglement outside the Lamb-Dicke regime

We create entangled states of the spin and motion of a single $^{40}$Ca$^+$ ion in a linear ion trap. The motional part consists of coherent states of large separation and long coherence time. The states are created by driving the motion using counterpropagating laser beams. We theoretically study and experimentally observe the behaviour outside the Lamb-Dicke regime, where the trajectory in phase space is modified and the coherent states become squeezed. We directly observe the modification of the return time of the trajectory, and infer the squeezing. The mesoscopic entanglement is observed up to $\Delta \alpha = 5.1$ with coherence time 170 microseconds and mean phonon excitation \nbar = 16.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. Revised version after editor comment

The 158 micron (CII) mapping of galaxies: Probing the atomic medium

Using the MPE/UCB Far-infrared Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FIFI) on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), we have made large scale maps of (CII) in the spiral galaxies NGC 6946, NGC 891, M83 and the peculiar elliptical Cen A, thus allowing for the first time, detailed studies of the spatial distribution of the FIR line emission in external galaxies. We find that the (CII) emission comes from a mixture of components of interstellar gas. The brightest emission is associated with the nuclear regions, a second component traces the spiral arms as seen in the nearly face on spiral galaxies NGC 6946 and M83 and the largest star forming/H2 regions contained within them, and another extended component of low brightness can be detected in all of the galaxies far from the nucleus, beyond the extent of CO emission