Elastic scattering of e- and e+ from Rb and Cd

Differential cross section results are calculated for the elastic scattering of electrons and positrons from the ground state of Rb and Cd atoms. An optical model potential approach is used for the calculation. Results are compared with the available electron impact experimental results

Estimation and Thermodynamic Modeling of Solid Iron Species in the Berkeley Pit Water

Since the cessation of open-pit mining activities from the Berkeley Pit located in Butte, MT in 1982, the pit had gradually filled with metal-laden acidic mine water. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate and apply thermodynamic theory to a group of iron-sulfate solids that might equilibrate with the Berkeley Pit water. Thermodynamic data was incomplete for acid mine affected water, and the effects of Cu cementation on the formation of iron oxide and sulfate solids had not been analyzed. Ferric iron compounds such as Ferrihydrite, Goethite, Schwertmannite, Potassium Jarosite and Potassium Hydronium Jarosite were modelled in Stabcal using variables such as temperature, Eh from field records or from a redox couple, pH and chemical composition. Water quality records were analyzed from field data collected by the MBMG since 1987. Computation of saturation indices using log Q data showed that the Berkeley pit water was under-saturated with Ferrihydrite and over-saturated with Goethite and K-Jarosite. In addition, commonly expressed variables for thermodynamic data, such as dG25C, S25C, Cp using the Maier Kelley equation, were estimated by using a weighted multiple regression model for Schwertmannite, KH-Jarosite, and K-Jarosite. Schwertmannite had a dG25C = -978 kcal, S25C = -6049 cal, H25C = -2964 kcal and Cp values of [a = 161273488, b = -378690560, c = -43316576]. Schwertmannite also had a dGrex at 25°C= - 95.794 kcal. KH-Jarosite had a dG25C =-786 kcal, S25C = 5118 cal, H25C = 586 kcal and Cp values of [a = -145717088, b = 342660160, c = 39022976]. K-Jarosite had a dG25C = -765 kcal/mol, S25C of -1139 cal, H25C = -1249 kcal and Cp values of [a = -46482960, b = 107543872, c = 112836016]. Thermodynamic quantities such as dGformation of the species, dGrex and log K from reactions involving Fe3+and Fe2+ ions were also tabulated. Based on the tabulated data, Eh-pH diagrams were constructed and a titration simulation was performed to determine the acidities of selected samples. An analysis of the effect of copper cementation on water chemistry over the last decade was also conducted

Study of Environmental Stress Signaling in Bacillus Subtilis via Components of RsbR Paralogues

Bacillus subtilis has found to respond the signals of environmental and metabolic stress by inducing over 40 general stress genes which are under the control of the sigma B transcription factor. Sigma B is an alternative sigma-factor in Bacillus subtilis. It mediates the response of the cell to a variety of physical insults. General stress response of Bacillus subtilis is regulated directly by a partner-switching mechanism via key protein interactions and transcription factor sigma B expression plays important role on it. Physical stress is communicated to sigmaB via a large-molecular-mass (>106-Da) structure (i.e. called the stressosome) formed by one or more members of a family of homologous proteins (RsbR, YkoB, YojH, YqhA). Signals of energy or environmental stress are conveyed to sigma B by independent pathways, each terminating with a differentially regulated serine phosphatase (i.e. for serine phosphorylation), whose activity is required to control the partner-switching regulators. In B. subtilis genome, six paralogous proteins such as YetI, YezB, YkoB, YojH, YqhA, and YtvA are found which has significant similarity to RsbR

Study and Impact of Biofuel as Energy Sources via Algal Materials or Lignocellulosic Substrates Utilization

A biofuel is organic compounds, generated in a short period of time. It is mostly produced from plants or its waste material or useful material such as food grain or other products which has been grown today or any times. It helps in reduction of greenhouse gas emission in our atmosphere that need for our society. As conventionally fuel, fossil energy sources has been consumed in different purposes of our life need. Gasoline, coal or natural gases has been used from ancient periods and availability is limited so need for alternate fuel resources with less costly price. Biofuel can fulfill the need of our society and avoid our dependence in future. Ethanol with other advanced biofuel such as propanol and butanol can replaced the fossil fuel with effective utilization as conventionally way effort. Biodiesels or fatty acid methyl esters is derived from oleaginous microbes (microalgae, yeast, and bacteria) and it is being actively used as potential renewable substitutes for petroleum diesel

Study of Production and Degradation Impact of Bioplastic or Polyhydroxyalkanoate, (PHA)

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is reported as polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates (HAs) which is generally synthesized by numerous bacteria and it is stored in the cytoplasm of cells as an intracellular carbon and energy sources compound. It has been considered as a replacement for conventional plastics. Microbial cell such as Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, recombinant Escherichia coli and methylotrophs are important bacterial organisms and used frequently in variety of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) or others PHAs. We have noticed the influence of different degrees of carbon and nitrogen limitation on the performance of an acetate-fed feast–famine sequencing batch reactor (SBR) which are employed to enrich PHA storing bacteria. Microbial selection and biomass production stage played important role in PHA production process under carbon limitation. It can create favorable by utilizing the nutrient deficient waste waters with supplementation with nutrients via producing stable PHA storing biomass with a high storage capacity. Waste streams as suitable substrates have been used for mixed culture bioplastic producer

To Study and Analysis of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) for Metabolites Production

Fermentation is very important biological processes for metabolite production; utilizes plant, animal or any microbial cells. These cells have been added in production media at laboratory or industrial scale to convert the substrates into our main metabolites production with combination with byproducts. Byproducts concentration can be produced more if biological cells growth conditions are not optimized. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) is one of mode of fermentation which is applied in many metabolites production. This mode is very useful when we use controlled condition and maintained steady state culture during period time for continuous metabolite production. We use fermentation medium for supply appropriate energy for growth of microorganisms and product formation in fermentation process. A lot of carbon and nitrogen substrates combination with micro or micronutrients are also supplied to culture media for growth of microorganisms to produce the various metabolites such as simple sugar, organic acids or biofuel etc. Various metabolic pathways are found in various biological cells to involve produce the specific metabolite and enzymes of pathways are deciding the efficiency of metabolite, generated in biological cells

A Study on Cyclosporine a Production by Fungal Cells

Cyclosporin A (CyA) is found as an antibiotics, exhibiting immunosuppressive and antifungal properties. Cyclosporine A has been synthesized in large quantities by fermentation process using various fungal species such as Tolypocladium, Trichoderma, Fusarium Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. Submerged liquid fermentation (SLF) and solid state fermentation (SSF) have been used successfully to produce the Cyclosporin A. The SSF is alternative to submerged fermentation for production of value added products like antibiotics. In solid-state fermentation (SSF), growth of microbes is occurred without free flowing aqueous phase. It provides low availability of water and reduces the possibilities of contamination by bacteria and yeast. SSF can provide higher yields and other advantages for this product. Due to the concentrated nature of the substrate, smaller reactors could be used in SSF. An industrial point of view, it is necessity to obtain a suitable and economic medium and process for higher production of CyA. CyA is produced by using Tolypocladium inflatum in solid state fermentation

Sickle cell disease status among school adolescents and their tribal community in South Gujarat

Objectives: to create awareness, to screen samples of school adolescents and then to reach their community through them by doing surveillance for sickle cell disease. Design: Field based cross-sectional study. Settings: St Xavier`s high school and Vanraj high school of Umarpada taluka of Surat district. Subjects: School adolescents, their parents and friends. Method: After taking permission from school authority, blood samples of 948 school adolescents were taken for DTT test and then for electrophoresis. Blood samples of motivated parents and friends of those adolescents found positive for DTT was taken in subsequent visit and results were communicated to them. Results: Blood samples of 948 school adolescents, out of 1081 were tested for DTT test. It was positive in 242 samples, giving a prevalence of 25.5% for sickle cell disease. On subjecting the positive blood samples to electrophoresis, the proportion of sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease was found to be 92% and 8% respectively. Then electrophoresis was done in 64 parents and friends, 24 (37.5%) of them were found positive of which, 14 (58%) were having sickle cell trait and 10 (42%) having sickle cell disease. Conclusion: approaching community can be possible through school adolescents for conduction of surveillance of sickle cell anemi