Growth and Characterization of an Organic Nonlinear Optical Crystal: 1-Iodo-3-Nitrobenzene (INB)

The 1-Iodo-3-Nitrobenzene crystal was grown by the slow evaporation method from ethanol solvent. The crystalline structure was identified by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The presence of various functional group of the title material was examined by FTIR analysis. The UV-Vis absorption was carried out which shows the fundamental cutoff wavelength around 390 nm and there is no absorption in the entire visible region 390 nm to 1100 nm. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was measured by Vicker’s microhardness tester. The thermal toughness of the grown crystal was observed by TGA-DTA and DSC studies. The electrical conductivity of the grown crystal is confirmed by dielectric measurement. The nonlinear optical character was assessed by Kurtz-Perry powder technique. This would propose that 1-iodo-3-nitro benzene crystal is a potentially capable in nonlinear optical applications

Pseudopolymorphs of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid

Seven pseudopolymorphs of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid are studied. Four of these (A-D) are obtained from dioxane and their formation is rationalised on the basis of simultaneous O-H … O and C-H … O bond formation between the donor-rich solute molecule and the multiple-acceptor solvent. A fifth (E) is a previously reported centrosymmetric hydrate. The sixth and seventh (F and G) are a non-centrosymmetric hydrate and a tert-butyl alcoholate whose structures are related to that of form E, in that hydrogen bonds are both donated and accepted between solute and solvent. The formation of this rich diversity of pseudopolymorphs with hydrogen bonding solvents follows from the nature of the title acid while the similarities between the structures of the pseudopolymorphs may be accounted for in terms of a permutation of a small number of solute-solvent supramolecular synthons. All this indicates that this interesting phenomenon may be both anticipated and also studied systematically. The scope of the term pseudopolymorph has been extended a little, in the expectation that such a definition would be of more general utility

A Synthesis of Hidden Subgroup Quantum Algorithms and Quantum Chemical Dynamics

We describe a general formalism for quantum dynamics and show how this formalism subsumes several quantum algorithms including the Deutsch, Deutsch-Jozsa, Bernstein-Vazirani, Simon, and Shor algorithms as well as the conventional approach to quantum dynamics based on tensor networks. The common framework exposes similarities among quantum algorithms and natural quantum phenomena: we illustrate this connection by showing how the correlated behavior of protons in water wire systems that are common in many biological and materials systems parallels the structure of Shor's algorithm

On forecasting the Indian summer monsoon: The intriguing season of 2002

This year, the rainfall over India during the first half of the summer monsoon season was 30 below normal. This has naturally led to a lot of concern and speculation about the causes. We have shown that the deficit in rainfall is a part of the natural variability. Analysis of the past data suggests that there is a 78 chance that seasonal mean rainfall this year will be 10 or more below the long-term average value. We discuss briefly how forecasts for seasonal rainfall are generated, whether this event could have been foreseen, and share our perspective on the problems and prospects of forecasting the summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian region

Brzi lateks aglutinacijski test za serološki dokaz serotipa 4 ptičjeg adenovirusa upotrebom rekombinantnog antigena

Hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HPS) is a newly emerging disease of poultry, which is caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4. The virus was propagated in a primary chicken embryo liver culture. The cytopathic effect was observed from the third passage onwards. DNA was isolated from the infected culture and used as a template for amplification of a partial hexon gene (700 bp) using hexon gene specific primers. The amplified product was cloned into pProEX HT b vector and the ligated product was transformed into DH5α cells. The recombinant clones were analyzed by colony PCR and plasmid isolation, followed by restriction digestion to check the insert release. The positive clones were induced by IPTG. The induced culture fractions were checked at different hours and the induction was high at the 4th hour onwards. The expressed proteins were purified and confirmed by using hyperimmune serum against FAV4 by western blot analysis and the protein size of 50kda was obtained. The purified recombinant FAV4 protein was used as a serodiagnostic agent using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and latex agglutination test.Sindrom hidroperikarda i hepatitisa nova je bolest peradi uzrokovana serotipom 4 ptičjeg adenovirusa. Virus je bio umnožen u primarnoj staničnoj kulturi podrijetlom od jetrenoga tkiva pilećega zametka. Citopatski učinak javio se nakon treće pasaže. DNK je bila izdvojena iz zaražene kulture i rabljena kao kalup za umnožavanje dijela gena heksona (700 bp) uz upotrebu specifičnih početnica. Umnoženi odsječak bio je kloniran u vektoru pProEX HT b, a proizašli proizvod prebačen u DH5α stanice. Rekombinantni klonovi bili su analizirani lančanom reakcijom polimerazom i izdvajanjem plazmida nakon čega je pomoću restrikcijske digestije provjerena uspješnost postupka. Pozitivni klonovi bili su inducirani pomoću IPTG-a. Frakcije induciranih stanica bile su provjeravane svakog sata, a indukcija je bila velika nakon četiri sata. Proizvedene bjelančevine bile su pročišćene i identificirane uporabom hiperimunoga seruma za FAV4 Western blot analizom te se pokazalo da je proizvedena bjelančevina veličine 50 kda. Pročišćena rekombinantna bjelančevina FAV4 bila je rabljena kao antigen u imunoenzimnom testu i lateks aglutinacijskom testu

Stability indicating HPLC determination of racecadotril in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form

Se desarrolló y validó un nuevo método de cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento, sencillo, rápido, reproducible e indicativo de la estabilidad, para el análisis del racecadotrilo en formulaciones farmacéuticas y como sustancia farmacológica al por mayor. La separación HPLC se realizó en una columna BDS -Hypersil C18 (250 mm X 4,6 mm, i.d. 5 μm de tamaño de partícula) utilizando una fase móvil formada por una mezcla de 20 mM de tampón fosfato (pH 3.5) y acetonitrilo en una proporción 40:60 y con una velocidad de fl ujo de 1 ml/min., con detección a 230 nm. Los datos del análisis de regresión lineal de las gráfi cas de calibración presentaron una buena relación lineal con un coefi ciente de correlación de 0,999 respecto al área de pico en el rango de concentración entre 5 μg/ml y 15 μg/ml. Se validó la precisión, exactitud, precisión, recuperación y robustez del método. Los límites de detección y determinación observados fueron de 50 y 100 ng/ml respectivamente. El racecadotrilo se sometió a hidrólisis ácida, hidrólisis alcalina y degradación oxidativa. El fármaco se degrada en condiciones ácidas, básicas y de oxidación. El análisis estadístico demuestra que el método es repetible, selectivo y preciso para la estimación de racecadotrilo. El método desarrollado y propuesto de HPLC se puede aplicar a la identifi cación y estimación del racecadotrilo en forma de dosifi cación oral sólida comercial y como sustancia farmacológica al por mayor.A new simple, rapid, reproducible and stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of racecadotril in bulk drugs and from pharmaceutical formulation was developed and validated. The HPLC separation was achieved on a BDS -Hypersil C18 column (250mm X 4.6mm, i.d. 5μm particle size) using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile in the ratio of (40:60) at a fl ow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 230 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with the correlation coeffi cient of 0.999 with respect to peak area in the concentration range between 5 μg/ml and 15 μg/ml. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, recovery and robustness. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 50 and 100 ng/ml respectively. Racecadotril was subjected to acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis and oxidative degradation. The drug undergoes degradation under acidic, basic and oxidation conditions. Statistical analysis proves that the method is repeatable, selective and accurate for the estimation of racecadotril. The proposed developed HPLC method can be applied for identifi cation and estimation of racecadotril in bulk drugs and marketed oral solid dosage forms

Maternal diabetes induces congenital heart defects in mice by altering the expression of genes involved in cardiovascular development

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Congenital heart defects are frequently observed in infants of diabetic mothers, but the molecular basis of the defects remains obscure. Thus, the present study was performed to gain some insights into the molecular pathogenesis of maternal diabetes-induced congenital heart defects in mice.</p> <p>Methods and results</p> <p>We analyzed the morphological changes, the expression pattern of some genes, the proliferation index and apoptosis in developing heart of embryos at E13.5 from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Morphological analysis has shown the persistent truncus arteriosus combined with a ventricular septal defect in embryos of diabetic mice. Several other defects including defective endocardial cushion (EC) and aberrant myofibrillogenesis have also been found. Cardiac neural crest defects in experimental embryos were analyzed and validated by the protein expression of NCAM and PGP 9.5. In addition, the protein expression of Bmp4, Msx1 and Pax3 involved in the development of cardiac neural crest was found to be reduced in the defective hearts. The mRNA expression of <it>Bmp4</it>, <it>Msx1 </it>and <it>Pax3 </it>was significantly down-regulated (<it>p </it>< 0.001) in the hearts of experimental embryos. Further, the proliferation index was significantly decreased (<it>p </it>< 0.05), whereas the apoptotic cells were significantly increased (<it>p </it>< 0.001) in the EC and the ventricular myocardium of the experimental embryos.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It is suggested that the down-regulation of genes involved in development of cardiac neural crest could contribute to the pathogenesis of maternal diabetes-induced congenital heart defects.</p

NMR and X-ray investigations of a plastic crystalline phase in MBBA

Wideline and high resolution NMR studies have been carried out on MBBA in its isotropic, nematic and solid phases. Isotropic and nematic phase spectra correspond to what has been reported earlier. In the solid phase, contrary to expectations, very intense narrow signals similar to signals of the isotropic phase have been observed for the first time at temperatures close to the solid ? nematic phase transition temperature. This indicates rapid reorientational or translational motion in the system. The X-ray results however confirm the existence of translational order. The results are interpreted as indicative of the existence of a plastic crystalline phase in MBBA

Traditional Techniques of Gold Jewellery: A Case Study of Devakottai,Tamil Nadu

Amongst the several metallurgical accomplishments of India, the traditional gold jewellery making techniques and jewellery designs of Tamil Nadu rank as marvelous examples of art and metallurgical excellence. Gold jewellery has been an important and continuing legacy of ancient India. There is rich archaeological and historical evidence for gold jewellery going back to the Harappan period. Devakottai town is located in the Sivagange district of Tamil Nadu (9°56´38.20ʺN and 78°49´18.84ʺE). This paper undertakes preliminary documentation of the techniques of gold jewellery making in Devakottai and the socio-cultural aspects of local communities. An attempt is also made observe whether some new designs are being incorporated currently which are not native to the region; perhaps due to the concept of the ‘global village’ and also probably due to inter-community marriag