65 research outputs found
Topic Segmentation in the Wild: Towards Segmentation of Semi-structured & Unstructured Chats
Breaking down a document or a conversation into multiple contiguous segments
based on its semantic structure is an important and challenging problem in NLP,
which can assist many downstream tasks. However, current works on topic
segmentation often focus on segmentation of structured texts. In this paper, we
comprehensively analyze the generalization capabilities of state-of-the-art
topic segmentation models on unstructured texts. We find that: (a) Current
strategies of pre-training on a large corpus of structured text such as
Wiki-727K do not help in transferability to unstructured texts. (b) Training
from scratch with only a relatively small-sized dataset of the target
unstructured domain improves the segmentation results by a significant margin.Comment: NeurIPS 2022 : ENLS
Topic Segmentation of Semi-Structured and Unstructured Conversational Datasets using Language Models
Breaking down a document or a conversation into multiple contiguous segments
based on its semantic structure is an important and challenging problem in NLP,
which can assist many downstream tasks. However, current works on topic
segmentation often focus on segmentation of structured texts. In this paper, we
comprehensively analyze the generalization capabilities of state-of-the-art
topic segmentation models on unstructured texts. We find that: (a) Current
strategies of pre-training on a large corpus of structured text such as
Wiki-727K do not help in transferability to unstructured conversational data.
(b) Training from scratch with only a relatively small-sized dataset of the
target unstructured domain improves the segmentation results by a significant
margin. We stress-test our proposed Topic Segmentation approach by
experimenting with multiple loss functions, in order to mitigate effects of
imbalance in unstructured conversational datasets. Our empirical evaluation
indicates that Focal Loss function is a robust alternative to Cross-Entropy and
re-weighted Cross-Entropy loss function when segmenting unstructured and
semi-structured chats.Comment: Accepted to IntelliSys 2023. arXiv admin note: substantial text
overlap with arXiv:2211.1495
On Surgical Fine-tuning for Language Encoders
Fine-tuning all the layers of a pre-trained neural language encoder (either
using all the parameters or using parameter-efficient methods) is often the
de-facto way of adapting it to a new task. We show evidence that for different
downstream language tasks, fine-tuning only a subset of layers is sufficient to
obtain performance that is close to and often better than fine-tuning all the
layers in the language encoder. We propose an efficient metric based on the
diagonal of the Fisher information matrix (FIM score), to select the candidate
layers for selective fine-tuning. We show, empirically on GLUE and SuperGLUE
tasks and across distinct language encoders, that this metric can effectively
select layers leading to a strong downstream performance. Our work highlights
that task-specific information corresponding to a given downstream task is
often localized within a few layers, and tuning only those is sufficient for
strong performance. Additionally, we demonstrate the robustness of the FIM
score to rank layers in a manner that remains constant during the optimization
process.Comment: Accepted to EMNLP 202
Intensity of contact with frontline workers and its influence on maternal and newborn health behaviors: cross-sectional survey in rural Uttar Pradesh, India
Background: India is committed to improving maternal and newborn health
in order to achieve the targets for India\u2019s Millennium
Development Goal 4. Considering their role as a link between community
and health systems, frontline workers (FLWs) can be effectively
utilized in strengthening maternal and newborn care. In this paper, we
set out to examine the effect of intensity of contact with FLWs on key
maternal and newborn health behaviors and to determine if this
association varies by status of Self Help Group (SHG) membership.
Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 2208
currently married women aged 15\u201349 years who had delivered a baby
during the last 15 months prior to the survey and selected through a
multi-stage cluster sampling from rural villages and urban wards. The
outcome of interest included variables related to key knowledge and
practice of healthy behavior in relation to maternal and newborn health
and exposure variable considered was intensity of contact with FLWs.
Results: Of the women interviewed, 1729 (78%) belonged to SHG
household. For knowledge on the need for at least 3 antenatal care
(ANC) check-ups, two tetanus toxoid (TT) injections and consumption of
100 or more ironfolic acid (IFA) tablets, proportion of those who were
aware of these practices increased with increasing number of contacts
with FLWs (P value < 0.001). Practice for TT injections showed an
increasing trend with increasing number of contacts with FLW. An
increase in the odds of delivering in an institution was observed in
those who had higher number of contacts as compared to those with no
contacts (P value < 0.001). With regard to newborn healthy behavior
practice, breastfeeding within 1 h of delivery showed significant
association and the odds of this practice improved in those who had
65 3 contacts with FLW as compared to those had no contacts.
Except for consumption of 100 or more IFA tablets, there was no
interaction of these associations by SHG status. Conclusion: There was
an overall low prevalence of both knowledge and practice of key
maternal and newborn healthy behaviors and only a few of these were
associated with frequency of contacts with FLW. Findings not only
highlight the urgent need for effectively leveraging FLWs to strengthen
maternal and newborn care but also to improve the quality of services
provided by them
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease in an infant
ABSTRACT Hand foot and mouth disease is a self limiting enteroviral lesion characterized by papulovesicular eruptions over hands and feet with circinate oral ulcers in the palate. The fever associated with the illness subsides in 48 hours and rash lasts for 7 to 10 days. Rarely they can also be associated with complications like encephalitis and myocarditis. We report a one year six month old infant with hand foot mouth disease which resolved without complications
Association of antenatal care and place of delivery with newborn care practices: evidence from a cross-sectional survey in rural Uttar Pradesh, India
Background: Appropriate immediate newborn care is vital for neonatal
survival. Antenatal period is a crucial time to impart knowledge and
awareness to mothers regarding newborn care, either during facility
visits or during home visits by community health workers (CHWs)
especially in the rural context. In this paper, we report newborn care
practices in rural Uttar Pradesh (UP) and have explored association
between newborn care practices with antenatal care, contact with
community health workers during pregnancy and place of childbirth.
Methods: We use cross-sectional baseline data (which is part of a
larger intervention project) collected from 129 gram panchayats (GPs)
from 15 administrative blocks spread over five districts of UP in 2013.
From currently married women (n = 2208) of 15\u201349 years, who
delivered 15 months prior to the survey, we collected information on
women\u2019s demographic and socio-economic characteristics, knowledge
and practice of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child health and
nutrition behaviours. Association of newborn practices with antenatal
care, contacts by community health worker during pregnancy and place of
childbirth were tested using random intercept logistic regression,
adjusting for socio-economic and demographic factors and accounting for
clustering at the GP and block levels. Results: Eighty-three percent of
2208 mothers received ANC, but only half of the respondents received a
minimum of three ANC visits. More than two thirds of respondents
delivered at a health facility. Practice of newborn care was poor:
merely one fourth of women practised clean cord care, one third of
women followed good breastfeeding practices (initiation with an hour of
birth, fed colostrum and did not give pre-lacteal feeds) and one third
provided adequate thermal care (kept baby warm and delayed bathing).
Only 5% followed all above practices with evidence of clustering of
newborn care practices at the block and GP levels. While facility-based
childbirth was strongly associated with appropriate newborn care
practices, ANC visits and contacts with CHWs was not associated with
all newborn care practices. Conclusion: The quality of ANC care
provided needs to be improved to have an impact on newborn care
practices. Our finding emphasizes the importance of facility-based
birthing. There is a need for training CHWs to strengthen their
counselling skills on newborn care. Variation of newborn care practices
between communities should be taken into consideration while
implementing any intervention to optimize benefits
Glycosylation at Asn91 of H1N1 haemagglutinin affects binding to glycan receptors
The glycoprotein HA (haemagglutinin) on the surface of influenza A virus plays a central role in recognition and binding to specific host cell-surface glycan receptors and in fusion of viral membrane to the host nuclear membrane during viral replication. Given the abundance of HA on the viral surface, this protein is also the primary target for host innate and adaptive immune responses. Although addition of glycosylation sites on HA are a part of viral evolution to evade the host immune responses, there are specific glycosylation sites that are conserved during most of the evolution of the virus. In the present study, it was demonstrated that one such conserved glycosylation site at Asn91 in H1N1 HA critically governs the glycan receptor-binding specificity and hence would potentially impinge on the host adaptation of the virus
Gallbladder reporting and data system (GB-RADS) for risk stratification of gallbladder wall thickening on ultrasonography:an international expert consensus
The Gallbladder Reporting and Data System (GB-RADS) ultrasound (US) risk stratification is proposed to improve consistency in US interpretations, reporting, and assessment of risk of malignancy in gallbladder wall thickening in non-acute setting. It was developed based on a systematic review of the literature and the consensus of an international multidisciplinary committee comprising expert radiologists, gastroenterologists, gastrointestinal surgeons, surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, and pathologists using modified Delphi method. For risk stratification, the GB-RADS system recommends six categories (GB-RADS 0–5) of gallbladder wall thickening with gradually increasing risk of malignancy. GB-RADS is based on gallbladder wall features on US including symmetry and extent (focal vs. circumferential) of involvement, layered appearance, intramural features (including intramural cysts and echogenic foci), and interface with the liver. GB-RADS represents the first collaborative effort at risk stratifying the gallbladder wall thickening. This concept is in line with the other US-based risk stratification systems which have been shown to increase the accuracy of detection of malignant lesions and improve management. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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