Mechanism of Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus in Groundnut by Species of Trichoderma

Aflatoxin contamination of groundnut by Aspergillus flavus is a serious problem affecting the quality and commercial value of groundnut kernels. Biological management of A. flavus infection at pre- and post-harvest levels by using species of Trichoderma is a promising approach. Trichoderma isolates from the fields of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states of India were evaluated for their ability to control A. flavus (strain Af 11-4) in the laboratory. Out of 212 isolates of Trichoderma, 36 were potent antagonists and these were analyzed for the production of volatile and diffusible antibiotics. Twenty-one of the 36 isolates produced volatile antibiotics and 15 produced diffusible antibiotics. Biocontrol mechanism of their action was analyzed by estimating extracellular enzyme production viz, chitinase, protease and glucanase. Maximum chitinase activity was associated with the isolate T. viride (Tv 24), T. pseudokoningii (Tp 29) and T. harzianum (Th 42). T. harzianum showed a maximum protease activity while T. koningii (Tk 83) and T. longibrachiatum (Tl 102) produced glucanases in the presence of glucose

Novel Frame Work for Blockchain Based Votingapplication Using Ethereum Virtual Machine

Blockchain fills in as a scattered record development which licenses propelled assets for be executed in decentralized framework which works in a common manner. In bound together systems everything depends upon the central structure and the outcomes of throwing a voting form system were not exact considering the way that anyone can change. These kinds of results are wrong and not trustworthy by the people who are voting. The Voting machines that are accessible as of now rely upon the servers which are centralized. Here the people who are voting have to keep belief on the concentrated individuals for the accurate results. So, the contemplating decentralized law-based systems that can settle on the political choice procedure very snappy and easy. These scattered systems are the most praised advancement improvement in this present genuine world. Here Blockchain advancement has various wide extent of usages starting and beginning from distributing statistics, economics etc. Here the blockchain advancement is used as a help of achieve this just assembled application that depends concerning a decentralized appropriated application. Here, the structure works in the way as follows, the transactions or understandings whichever executed are changed over into machine reasonable method of reasoning that engages and ensures understanding among various people who are in the organization, and in like manner who has the solidarity to support their individual money exchanges, different activities and opposite party challenges that are associated with their checking and observing. Smart understandings will be enabled and they are to be passed on into a blockchain space or stage, the amount of possible use cases for this development will be checked and improves amazingly. The most critical use of this blockchain is that to empty the prerequisite for pariahs in the two individuals when all is said in done and the private parts, to end up being progressively capable and effective

Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Glimpse into The Future

Background: A class of uncommon IgG4-related systemic diseases known as vasculitis caused by antineutrophil cytosolic antibodies (ANCA) is distinguished by the enlargement of small to large blood vessels. Objective: This review article offers an in-depth analysis of the most recent developments in ANCA-associated vasculitis, covering a range of topics from pathophysiology and diagnostics to treatment and long-term results.   Methods: In this review we investigated the existing work on ANCA associated vasculitis by different sources such as Science Direct, Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, Google scholar and SciHub. Results: A number of diseases, including eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), can have significant morbidity and mortality if they are not appropriately diagnosed and treated. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and curative options for ANCA-associated vasculitis have advanced significantly during the past ten years. The development of specific immunosuppressive medications has been largely responsible for the remarkable evolution in recent years in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Conclusion: This review article has provided a detailed examination of the therapy for AAV, alternatives available, including induction and maintenance regimens, as well as the accompanying advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the growing importance of biologic drugs like rituximab was examined, emphasizing its potential as supplements or replacements for traditional medical treatments

Increased Adhesive Potential of Antiphospholipid Syndrome Neutrophils Mediated by β2 Integrin Macâ 1

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153125/1/art41057.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153125/2/art41057_am.pd

Evaluation of an integrated management package to reduced preharvest seed infection by Aspergillus flavus in groundnut

Two treatments, an integrated aflatoxin management package (IAMP) and normal farmers' practice were compared in Alfisol fields at ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India during kharif 2001. The IAMP consisted of summer ploughing of the field, seed treatment with carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP) at 4 g/kg seed, furrow application of Trichoderma harzianum at 50 g culture mixed in 50 kg FYM before sowing (to make a final population of 1 × 106 CFU/g soil), spray of Nimbucidin (250 ml in 50 litres water) and a second spray of carbendazim (50 g) plus Dithane M-45 [mancozeb] (250 g) in 50 litres of water, if required, harvesting at 75% maturity, drying by inverted windrows for 3 days, and removal of damaged and diseased pods. The farmers' practice was summer ploughing, harvesting at full maturity, drying by leaving them in the field and removal of damaged pods. No chemical treatments were involved. For both treatments A. flavus strain Af 11-4 inoculum was applied at 50% flowering stage. Soil was sampled prior to sowing, before inoculum application and at harvest. Colonization of seeds by A. flavus was determined and aflatoxin contamination estimated by ELISA. Soil sample analysis showed unremitting growth of A. flavus in soils where farmers' practice was followed. Seed infection studies revealed predominance of A. flavus infection in plots under farmers' practice (10%) compared with that under IAMP (2%). No aflatoxin contamination was recorded in seed samples from plots subjected to either practice

Detection of Toxigenic and Atoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

In groundnut Aspergillus flavus causes aflatoxin contamination which is a qualitative problem occurring at both pre-and post-harvest stages. These aflatoxins have carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immuno-suppressive effects. The A. flavus strains which produces aflatoxins are called as toxigenic and which do not produce toxins are called as atoxigenic starins. To detect the toxigenic and atoxigenic starins of A. flavus from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh (AP), pod samples were collected from eight selected oil mills/traders’ in Mahaboobnagar, Rangareddy, Nizamabad, Karimnagar (Telangana); and Anantapur (AP) districts. A total of 24 A. flavus cultures were isolated from the collected pod samples. These isolates were identified as toxigenic/atoxigenic using cultural detection methods on Yeast extract sucrose (YES) media and coconut agar medium (CAM). Based on cultural methods, it was confirmed that there were18 toxigenic, five atoxigenic and one false positive/negative strain out of the 24 A. flavus isolates obtained from surveyed oil mills. Atoxigenic strains were obtained from Karimnagar and Nizamabad districts of Telangana

Gene expression signature-based chemical genomic prediction identifies a novel class of HSP90 pathway modulators

SummaryAlthough androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling is central to prostate cancer, the ability to modulate AR signaling states is limited. Here we establish a chemical genomic approach for discovery and target prediction of modulators of cancer phenotypes, as exemplified by AR signaling. We first identify AR activation inhibitors, including a group of structurally related compounds comprising celastrol, gedunin, and derivatives. To develop an in silico approach for target pathway identification, we apply a gene expression-based analysis that classifies HSP90 inhibitors as having similar activity to celastrol and gedunin. Validating this prediction, we demonstrate that celastrol and gedunin inhibit HSP90 activity and HSP90 clients, including AR. Broadly, this work identifies new modes of HSP90 modulation through a gene expression-based strategy