Sonogashira/N-acyliminium ion aromatic π-cyclisation processes: access to tetra- and pentacyclic lactams

Application of the Sonogashira reaction of N-alkynylimides with 2-iodophenol or 2-iodo-N-tosylaniline affords 2-(N-alkylimino)-benzofurans and indoles in good yield. Selective partial reduction of the latter followed by treatment with TsOH generates N-acyliminium ions, which cyclise to afford tetra- and pentacyclic lactams in good yield. The latter are reduced to the analogous cyclic amines by BH3

The persistence of equatorial spread F - an analysis on seasonal, solar activity and geomagnetic activity aspects

The persistence (duration) of Equatorial Spread F (ESF), which has significant impact on communication systems, is addressed. Its behavior during different seasons and geomagnetic activity levels under the solar maximum (2001) and minimum (2006) conditions, is reported using the data from the magnetic equatorial location of Trivandrum (8.5° N; 77° E; dip 0.5° N) in India. The study reveals that the persistence of the irregularities can be estimated to a reasonable extent by knowing the post sunset F region vertical drift velocity (Vz) and the magnetic activity index Kp. Any sort of advance information on the possible persistence of the ionospheric irregularities responsible for ESF is important for understanding the scintillation morphology, and the results which form the first step in this direction are presented and discussed