THERMO GRAVIMETRY-DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING COLORIMETRY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY-A REVIEW

Thermogravimetric analysis is an analytical technique used to determine a material's thermal stability and its fraction of volatile components by monitoring the weight change that occurs as a sample is heated at a constant rate. Differential scanning colorimetry analysis is used to measure melting temperature, the heat of fusion, latent heat of melting, reaction energy etc. Mass spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool with many applications in pharmaceuticals and biomedical fields. The increase in sensitivity and resolution of the instrument as opened new dimensions in analysis of pharmaceuticals and complex metabolites of biological systems. Thermo gravimetry coupled with differential scanning colorimetry and Quadra pole mass spectrometry was applied to monitor the thermal stability and chemical properties of natural polymers isolated from chemically different soils. The TGA/DSC, when coupled with MS generic multiple ions from the sample under investigation, it then separates them according to a specific mass-to-charge ratio. The coupled instrument is used for simultaneous identification of organic compounds, used to evaluate the physical properties, degradation stability of powder coating

Conceptual Design Of Cargo Airplane

The main goal of the work is to design the military cargo aircraft that fulfils all the requirements. Current work includes weight estimation of an aircraft, selection of airfoil and suitable wing configuration, selection of tail, fuselage sizing and power plant selection. From the available details, weight estimation of the aircraft was started, by assuming the soldiers weight and baggage allowance, with the available empirical relations, weight estimation was done. There are many conditions to select feasible airfoil for the aircraft, with the consideration of design Mach number and design lift coefficient airfoil was selected, then for aircraft flight regime, suitable wing configurations was selected. Primary objective of fuselage is to accommodate the soldiers, crew members in cockpit, and cargo, to place all these in the fuselage, space was sized and proper aisle was given in between with reference to the military standards. Need of Empennage is to provide the stability for aircraft, by checking the required stability for aircraft, horizontal and vertical tail was sized and suitable configuration was selected from the historical trends and requirement. In the design stage feasible engine for the aircraft was selected

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SITAGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN IN BULK AND COMBINED PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

Objective: To develop simple, accurate, precise UV Spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Sitagliptin and Metformin in tablet dosage form. Methodols: The method is based on the determination of Sitagliptin and Metformin in tablet using simultaneous equation method. Sitagliptin exhibits maximum absorbance at 267 and Metformin exhibits maximum absorbance at 237 nm using distilled water as diluents. Results: The calibration curve was linear in the range of 10-300 µg/ml for Sitagliptin and 4-14µg/ml for Metformin. The %RSD were within the limit i.e., less than 2%. The % recovery of the proposed method was found to be 97.12-99.46% for Sitagliptin and 98.15-99.85% for Metformin. The LOD of the proposed method was 0.397μg/ml for Sitagliptin and 0.8952µg/ml for Metformin. The LOQ was 1.2951μg/ml for Sitagliptin and 2.7159μg/ml for Metformin. Conclusion: A simple, accurate, precise UV Spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Sitagliptin and Metformin in tablet dosage form

Monitoring the evolution of relative product populations at early times during a photochemical reaction

Identifying multiple rival reaction products and transient species formed during ultrafast photochemical reactions and determining their time-evolving relative populations are key steps toward understanding and predicting photochemical outcomes. Yet, most contemporary ultrafast studies struggle with clearly identifying and quantifying competing molecular structures/species among the emerging reaction products. Here, we show that mega-electronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction in combination with ab initio molecular dynamics calculations offer a powerful route to determining time-resolved populations of the various isomeric products formed after UV (266 nm) excitation of the five-membered heterocyclic molecule 2(5H)-thiophenone. This strategy provides experimental validation of the predicted high (∼50%) yield of an episulfide isomer containing a strained three-membered ring within ∼1 ps of photoexcitation and highlights the rapidity of interconversion between the rival highly vibrationally excited photoproducts in their ground electronic state

Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients. Methods We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to < 10 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2), a sustained decrease in eGFR of & GE;40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes. Results A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P < 0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P=0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo