The Relevance of Culpability to the Punishment and Prevention of Crime

It follows that if a legal system may fairly punish only a person who culpably violated the law, a preventive restraint like self-defense is also fair only when it is used against a person whose offense or imminent offense is culpable. Such measures as punishment and prevention are justified because a person who violates the order of fairness, which can be described as a system of rights,forfeits certain of his own rights. The forfeiture theory implicitly associates A\u27s loss of rights with his deserts and suggests some analogy with punishment. Finnis\u27 argument both makes explicit the analogy and shifts attention from A, whose aggression operates the forfeiture, to V who stands in the position of a police officer or executioner. If, as is generally accepted, it is unfair to punish innocent persons, why should it be fair to kill an IA in self-defense? The object of this article is to suggest a tentative basis for an attempt to answer this question

Systematic screening of bryophytes for antitumor agents

References are made to cytotoxic and/or antitumor compounds that have been isolated - ansamitocin P-3 from Claopodium crispifolium (Hook.) Ren. & Card. and Anomodon attenuatus Hueb., or an associated actinomycete, and ohioensins and pallidisetums from Polytrichum spp. Several hundred collections, which have been obtained from temperate regions of North America during 1990 and 1991, are currently being screened in new bioassays; active sesquiterpene lactones have been recently isolated from species of Porella. The methodologies of collecting and screening bryophyte samples are discussed with consideration to costs based on expected number of samples that might be collected in a day, the diversity in the collections as related to phytogeography and vegetation types, and the bryophyte cover that is vanishing in many forest regions of the United States. The difficulties in obtaining large collections for isolation of active agents are also discussed by examplerecollection of Claopodium crispifolium

Crossing Over Mediums: Experimentation with Watercolor and Printmaking

My interest lies in creating strong compositions that incorporate color, abstract lines, and shapes. Color is my main focus and I am interested in how the colors in my watercolor sketches translate into my printmaking work and vice versa. The comparison of the more spontaneous and organic way of working with watercolor, in contrast to the printmaking process, which involves strategy and planning, could end in some unusual and unexpected results. My thesis is based on my exploration of merging or translating my watercolor paintings with my printmaking work. By using and combining formal elements such as line, shape, texture, space and color 1 can work towards abstraction. This process of working with different media will allow me to use techniques 1 have learned from my classes and bring together aspects from each medium to create an interaction of multiple media. My goal was to experiment with watercolor drawings, various printmaking media, and combine them in a variety of ways, both directly and indirectly

Cognitive Dissonance as a Function of Internal-External Locus of Control

According to cognitive dissonance theory engaging in behavior inconsistent with one\u27s beliefs arouses dissonance. When individuals choose to engage in a boring and repetitious task they tend to positively reevaluate the task. Recent research (Pallak, et al. 1967) using an incidental verbal learning paradigm indicates that subjects who voluntarily commit themselves to performing a boring task reduce dissonance via enhanced task performance rather than through positive task reevaluation. Both the arousal of dissonance and its reduction can be expected to vary with individual differences. The present study investigated the individual differences of sex and internal-external locus of control as related to cognitive dissonance. Casual observation of subjects in experiments have indicated that those individuals who tend to perceive events and reinforcements as being determined by factors under their control (Internals) evidence greater interest in their surroundings and in tasks in which they involve themselves than do those individuals who tend to perceive events and reinforcements as being determined by choice or factors extrinsic to themselves (Externals). This study was a 2 X 2 X 2 design with personality (I-E), sex, and choice-no choice as the independent variables. The dependent variables were the number of incidentally recalled words in a situation where the subjects were instructed to copy words but received no instructions to retain the words, and attitudes towards the task. The data obtained did not support the hypotheses regarding task reevaluation or incidental learning. That is, there were no statistically significant differences in attitude toward the task or in incidental learning as a function of sex, I-E, or choice. There was evidence indicating that the task used in this study may not have fulfilled the forced-compliance paradigm\u27s theoretical requirement of unequivocal aversiveness. It is not so surprising, therefore, that measures which are considered to be sensitive to differential dissonance reflected no such differences. Recall of words in an incidental learning paradigm showed a curvilinear relationship to concreteness and a strong recency effect

Noncontact technique for measuring surface tension and viscosity of molten materials using high temperature electrostatic levitation

A new, noncontact technique is described which entails simultaneous measurements of the surface tension and the dynamic viscosity of molten materials. In this technique, four steps were performed to achieve the results: (1) a small sample of material was levitated and melted in a high vacuum using a high temperature electrostatic levitator, (2) the resonant oscillation of the drop was induced by applying a low level ac electric field pulse at the drop of resonance frequency, (3) the transient signals which followed the pulses were recorded, and (4) both the surface tension and the viscosity were extracted from the signal. The validity of this technique was demonstrated using a molten tin and a zirconium sample. In zirconium, the measurements could be extended to undercooled states by as much as 300 K. This technique may be used for both molten metallic alloys and semiconductors

Common but unappreciated sources of error in one, two, and multiple-color pyrometry

The most common sources of error in optical pyrometry are examined. They can be classified as either noise and uncertainty errors, stray radiation errors, or speed-of-response errors. Through judicious choice of detectors and optical wavelengths the effect of noise errors can be minimized, but one should strive to determine as many of the system properties as possible. Careful consideration of the optical-collection system can minimize stray radiation errors. Careful consideration must also be given to the slowest elements in a pyrometer when measuring rapid phenomena