Application of Chebyshev Formalism to Identify Nonlinear Magnetic Field Components in Beam Transport System

An experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab\u27s Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility to develop a beam-based technique for characterizing the extent of the nonlinearity of the magnetic fields of a beam transport system. Horizontally and vertically oriented pairs of air-core kicker magnets were simultaneously driven at two different frequencies to provide a time-dependent transverse modulation of the beam orbit relative to the unperturbed reference orbit. Fourier decomposition of the position data at eight different points along the beamline was then used to measure the amplitude of these frequencies. For a purely linear transport system one expects to find solely the frequencies that were applied to the kickers with amplitudes that depend on the phase advance of the lattice. In the presence of nonlinear fields one expects to also find harmonics of the driving frequencies that depend on the order of the nonlinearity. Chebyshev polynomials and their unique properties allow one to directly quantify the magnitude of the nonlinearity with the minimum error. A calibration standard was developed using one of the sextupole magnets in a CEBAF beamline. The technique was then applied to a pair of Arc 1 dipoles and then to the magnets in the Transport Recombiner beamline to measure their multipole content as a function of transverse position within the magnets

Application of Chebyshev Formalism to Identify Nonlinear Magnetic Field Components in Beam Transport Systems

An experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab's Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility to develop a beam-based technique for characterizing the extent of the nonlinearity of the magnetic fields of a beam transport system. Horizontally and vertically oriented pairs of air-core kicker magnets were simultaneously driven at two different frequencies to provide a time-dependent transverse modulation of the beam orbit relative to the unperturbed reference orbit. Fourier decomposition of the position data at eight different points along the beamline was then used to measure the amplitude of these frequencies. For a purely linear transport system one expects to find solely the frequencies that were applied to the kickers with amplitudes that depend on the phase advance of the lattice. In the presence of nonlinear fields one expects to also find harmonics of the driving frequencies that depend on the order of the nonlinearity. Chebyshev polynomials and their unique properties allow one to directly quantify the magnitude of the nonlinearity with the minimum error. A calibration standard was developed using one of the sextupole magnets in a CEBAF beamline. The technique was then applied to a pair of Arc 1 dipoles and then to the magnets in the Transport Recombiner beamline to measure their multipole content as a function of transverse position within the magnets

Does office spirometry improve quit rates in smokers?

Simply performing spirometry and offering cessation advice doesn't improve quit rates in patients who smoke (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, systematic review of randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). However, when the spirometry results are communicated in terms of lung age, smokers are more likely to quit (SOR: B, large RCT). Patients with abnormal spirometry results may be more likely to quit than patients with normal results (SOR: B, cohort studies)

Die Vegetation einer innerstädtischen Industriebrache : das ehemalige Hammersen-Gelände in Osnabrück ; Bestandsaufnahme und Bewertung

The area of the study is a good example of intraurban industrial blight. The study investigates the succession of the vegetation on the abandoned area. Associations of the Sisymbrion and the Dauco-Melilotion (Artemisio-Tanacetetum) could be identilied, occasionally - dependent on local conditions - communities of the Agropyretea intermedii-repentis and some types of shrubs. Some of the associations (mainly of the Agropyretea) can be interpreted as indicators of specilic soil contaminations. Surprisingly some of the idenlified species were hitherto assumed being already extincted in the region; obviously they dated from the soil seed bank. Some conclusions are drawn for conservation and planning of open spaces

Options for an 11 GEV RF Beam Separator for the Jefferson Lab CEBAF Upgrade

The CEBAF accelerator at Jefferson Lab has had, since first demonstration in 1996, the ability to deliver a 5-pass electron beam to experimental halls (A, B, and C) simultaneously. This capability is provided by a set of three, room temperature 499 MHz rf separators in the 5th pass beamline. The separator cavity is a two-rod, two-cell TEM mode type resonator, which has high shunt impedance. The 12 GeV baseline design does not preserve the capability of separating the 5th pass, 11 GeV beam for the 3 existing halls. Several options for restoring this capability, including extension of the present room temperature system or a new superconducting design in combination with magnetic systems, are under investigation and are presented

Historische Pegel und Bezugshöhen in Europa

Throughout history, the still surface of the sea has been used as a reference for heights and elevations. A given landmark's "height above sea Ievel" is the distance measured in a plumb line from the Iandmark itself to the surface of the sea, which continues beneath the surface of the continents. Until the mid nineteenth century, the topographical surveying of countries did not include the measurement of elevations. This practice only ensued after the mean sea Ievel of each country was determined at nearby coastal tide gauging sites and marked by permanent bench marks. The mean sea Ievel at a tide gauging site is influenced by several factors including tides, currents and winds. As it is difficult to monitor these influences, the mean sea Ievels of different countries vary somewhat. Landlocked countries must base their national elevation systems upon the Ievel datums supplied by neighbouring countries. The development of the German national elevation system and the ways in which it differs from those of its neighbours as well as from standardised European systems are described in detail

Negotiated Development Denial Meets People\u27s Court: Del Monte Dunes Brings New Wildcards to Exactions Law

The United States Supreme Court Answered YES to the $1.45 million over exaction question for 1999. In City of Monterey v. Del Monte Dunes at Monterey Ltd., a unanimous court extended the scope of compensatory takings review beyond land dedication conditions into the realm of regulatory denial. Justice Kennedy\u27s opinion vitalized the legitimate state interests test from Agins v. City of Tiburon to sustain an inverse condemnation conclusion and damage award to the frustrated developer. A majority of the court also concurred that the trial court may delegate this takings conclusion to the jury under federal civil rights law. The activation of Agins\u27 substantive takings test in such challenges and the prospect of continued lay application of constitutional law to development restrictions add uncertain dimensions to exactions litigation at the millennium. In Del Monte Dunes, the Court also distinguished the instant development denial of an inverse condemnation claim from the land dedication conditions at issue in Dolan v. City of Tigard. This distinction enabled the unanimous Court to uphold the trial verdict based on Agins and avoid elements of the Ninth Circuit\u27s reasoning invoking the Dolan rough proportionality test. Other recent federal and state decisions also decline to extend Dolan\u27s applicability beyond individual land dedication development conditions to other forms of economic exactions. This year\u27s exactions and impact fee report focuses on Del Monte Dunes, namely its effects on negotiated development, trial practice, and on regulatory takings doctrine as defined by judges and juries in civil rights litigation

Chemotherapy accelerates immune-senescence and functional impairments of Vδ2pos T cells in elderly patients affected by liver metastatic colorectal cancer.

Human (gamma delta) γδ T cells are unconventional innate-like lymphocytes displaying a broad array of anti-tumor activities with promising perspectives in cancer immunotherapy. In this context, Vδ2pos T cells represent the preferential target of several immunotherapy protocols against solid tumors. However, the impact of both aging and chemotherapy (CHT) on Vδ2pos T cells is still unknown. The present study evaluates with multi-parametric flow cytometry the frequencies, terminal differentiation, senescence and effector-functions of peripheral blood and tumor infiltrating Vδ2pos T cells purified from liver metastases (CLM) of patients affected by colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to those of sex- and age-matched healthy donors. The peripheral blood of CLM patients underwent CHT is characterized by decreased amounts of Vδ2pos T cells showing a relative increase of terminally-differentiated CD27neg/CD45RApos (TEMRA) cells. The enrichment of this latter subset is associated with an increased expression of the senescent marker CD57. The acquisition of CD57 on TEMRA Vδ2pos T cells is also coupled with impairments in cytotoxicity and production of TNF-α and IFN-γ. These features resemble the acquisition of an immune-senescent profile by Vδ2pos T cells from CLM patients that received CHT, a phenomenon that is also associated with the loss of the co-stimulatory marker CD28 and with the induced expression of CD16. The group of CLM patients underwent CHT and older than 60 years old showed higher frequencies of CD57pos and TEMRA Vδ2pos T cells. Similar results were found for tumor infiltrating Vδ2pos T cell subset purified from CLM specimens of patients treated with CHT. The toxicity of CHT regimens also affects the homeostasis of Vδ2pos T cells by inducing higher frequencies of circulating CD57pos TEMRA subset in CLM underwent CHT and younger than 60 years old. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the enrichment of senescent Vδ2pos T cells in CLM patients is not only induced by patients' aging but also by the toxicity of CHT that further accelerates the accumulation of CD57pos TEMRA cells highly dysfunctional in their anti-tumor activities. These results are important to both predict the clinical outcome of CLM and to optimize those protocols of cell cancer immunotherapy employing unconventional Vδ2pos T cells