Optical coherence tomography-based consensus definition for lamellar macular hole.

BackgroundA consensus on an optical coherence tomography definition of lamellar macular hole (LMH) and similar conditions is needed.MethodsThe panel reviewed relevant peer-reviewed literature to reach an accord on LMH definition and to differentiate LMH from other similar conditions.ResultsThe panel reached a consensus on the definition of three clinical entities: LMH, epiretinal membrane (ERM) foveoschisis and macular pseudohole (MPH). LMH definition is based on three mandatory criteria and three optional anatomical features. The three mandatory criteria are the presence of irregular foveal contour, the presence of a foveal cavity with undermined edges and the apparent loss of foveal tissue. Optional anatomical features include the presence of epiretinal proliferation, the presence of a central foveal bump and the disruption of the ellipsoid zone. ERM foveoschisis definition is based on two mandatory criteria: the presence of ERM and the presence of schisis at the level of Henle's fibre layer. Three optional anatomical features can also be present: the presence of microcystoid spaces in the inner nuclear layer (INL), an increase of retinal thickness and the presence of retinal wrinkling. MPH definition is based on three mandatory criteria and two optional anatomical features. Mandatory criteria include the presence of a foveal sparing ERM, the presence of a steepened foveal profile and an increased central retinal thickness. Optional anatomical features are the presence of microcystoid spaces in the INL and a normal retinal thickness.ConclusionsThe use of the proposed definitions may provide uniform language for clinicians and future research

A consensus definition for lamellar macular hole

Background: A consensus on an optical coherence tomography (OCT) definition of lamellar macular hole (LMH) and similar conditions is needed. Methods: The panel reviewed relevant peer-reviewed literature to reach a consensus on LMH definition and to differentiate LMH from other similar conditions. Results: The panel reached a consensus on the definition of 3 clinical entities: LMH, epiretinal membrane (ERM) foveoschisis and macular pseudohole (MPH). LMH definition is based on 3 mandatory criteria and 3 optional anatomical features. The 3 mandatory criteria are the presence of irregular foveal contour, the presence of a foveal cavity with undermined edges, and the apparent loss of foveal tissue. Optional anatomical features include the presence of epiretinal proliferation, the presence of a foveal bump and the disruption of the ellipsoid line. ERM foveoschisis definition is based on 2 mandatory criteria: the presence of ERM and the presence of schisis at the level of Henle’s fiber layer. Three optional anatomical features can also be present: the presence of microcystoid spaces in the inner nuclear layer (INL), an increase of retinal thickness, and the presence of retinal wrinkling. MPH definition is based on 3 mandatory criteria and 2 optional anatomical features. Mandatory criteria include the presence of a foveal sparing ERM, the presence of a steepened foveal profile and an increased central retinal thickness. Optional anatomical features are the presence of microcystoid spaces in the INL and a normal retinal thickness. Conclusions: The use of the proposed definitions may provide uniform language for clinicians and future research

Reference database of total retinal vessel surface area derived from volume-rendered optical coherence tomography angiography

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) enables three-dimensional, high-resolution, depth-resolved flow to be distinguished from non-vessel tissue signals in the retina. Thus, it enables the quantification of the 3D surface area of the retinal vessel signal. Despite the widespread use of OCTA, no representative spatially rendered reference vessel surface area data are published. In this study, the OCTA vessel surface areas in 203 eyes of 107 healthy participants were measured in the 3D domain. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) model analysis was performed to investigate the effects of sex, age, spherical equivalent, axial length, and visual acuity on the OCTA vessel surface area. The mean overall vessel surface area was 54.53 mm2 (range from 27.03 to 88.7 mm2). OCTA vessel surface area was slightly negatively correlated with age. However, the GLM model analysis identified axial length as having the strongest effect on OCTA vessel surface area. No significant correlations were found for sex or between left and right eyes. This is the first study to characterize three-dimensional vascular parameters in a population based on OCTA with respect to the vessel surface area

Macular hole formation, progression, and surgical repair: case series of serial optical coherence tomography and time lapse morphing video study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To use a new medium to dynamically visualize serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans in order to illustrate and elucidate the pathogenesis of idiopathic macular hole formation, progression, and surgical closure.</p> <p>Case Presentations</p> <p>Two patients at the onset of symptoms with early stage macular holes and one patient following repair were followed with serial OCTs. Images centered at the fovea and at the same orientation were digitally exported and morphed into an Audiovisual Interleaving (avi) movie format. Morphing videos from serial OCTs allowed the OCTs to be viewed dynamically. The videos supported anterior-posterior vitreofoveal traction as the initial event in macular hole formation. Progression of the macular hole occurred with increased cystic thickening of the fovea without evidence of further vitreofoveal traction. During cyst formation, the macular hole enlarged as the edges of the hole became elevated from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with an increase in subretinal fluid. Surgical repair of a macular hole revealed initial closure of the macular hole with subsequent reabsorption of the sub-retinal fluid and restoration of the foveal contour.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Morphing videos from serial OCTs are a useful tool and helped illustrate and support anterior-posterior vitreofoveal traction with subsequent retinal hydration as the pathogenesis of idiopathic macular holes.</p

How to Face Subtle Retinopathies in the Neuro-Ophthalmic Clinic by Using OCT and Autofluorescence

There are several retinal disorders that compromise the visual acuity, visual field, or both. The more commonly known are a rare group of diseases that have been lumped into a category for diagnostic convenience called the AZOOR-complex, with AZOOR being an acronym for acute zonal occult outer retinopathy.curriculum_fellow; GVSelectrophysiology; GVSelectroretinogram; GVSdiseasesoftheretina; GVSmultifocalelectroretinogram; EXAMmacul

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Associated With A Patent Foramen Ovale

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IMAGE ARTIFACTS IN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY

Purpose: To describe image artifacts of optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography and their underlying causative mechanisms. To establish a common vocabulary for the artifacts observed. Methods: The methods by which OCT angiography images are acquired, generated, and displayed are reviewed as are the mechanisms by which each or all of these methods can produce extraneous image information. A common set of terminology is proposed and used. Results: Optical coherence tomography angiography uses motion contrast to image blood flow and thereby images the vasculature without the need for a contrast agent. Artifacts are very common and can arise from the OCT image acquisition, intrinsic characteristics of the eye, eye motion, image processing, and display strategies. Optical coherence tomography image acquisition for angiography takes more time than simple structural scans and necessitates trade-offs in flow resolution, scan quality, and speed. An important set of artifacts are projection artifacts in which images of blood vessels seem at erroneous locations. Image processing used for OCT angiography can alter vascular appearance through segmentation defects, and because of image display strategies can give false impressions of the density and location of vessels. Eye motion leads to discontinuities in displayed data. Optical coherence tomography angiography artifacts can be detected by interactive evaluation of the images. Conclusion: Image artifacts are common and can lead to incorrect interpretations of OCT angiography images. Because of the quantity of data available and the potential for artifacts, physician interaction in viewing the image data will be required, much like what happens in modern radiology practice.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (R01- EY011289-29)United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-12-1-0449