Design of a Scan Chain for Side Channel Attacks on AES Cryptosystem for Improved Security

Scan chain-based attacks are side-channel attacks focusing on one of the most significant features of hardware test circuitry. A technique called Design for Testability (DfT) involves integrating certain testability components into a hardware design. However, this creates a side channel for cryptanalysis, providing crypto devices vulnerable to scan-based attacks. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has been proven as the most powerful and secure symmetric encryption algorithm announced by USA Government and it outperforms all other existing cryptographic algorithms. Furthermore, the on-chip implementation of private key algorithms like AES has faced scan-based side-channel attacks. With the aim of protecting the data for secure communication, a new hybrid pipelined AES algorithm with enhanced security features is implemented. This paper proposes testing an AES core with unpredictable response compaction and bit level-masking throughout the scan chain process. A bit-level scan flipflop focused on masking as a scan protection solution for secure testing. The experimental results show that the best security is provided by the randomized addition of masked scan flipflop through the scan chain and also provides minimal design difficulty and power expansion overhead with some negligible delay measures. Thus, the proposed technique outperforms the state-of-the-art LUT-based S-box and the composite sub-byte transformation model regarding throughput rate 2 times and 15 times respectively. And security measured in the avalanche effect for the sub-pipelined model has been increased up to 95 per cent with reduced computational complexity. Also, the proposed sub-pipelined S-box utilizing a composite field arithmetic scheme achieves 7 per cent area effectiveness and 2.5 times the hardware complexity compared to the LUT-based model

Does a routine post brush bronchial wash increase the yield in diagnosis of lung cancer?

Background: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in both men and women. 80% of the lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 20% are small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is commonly used for diagnostic and staging purposes. Endoscopically visible abnormalities are approached with traditional biopsy forceps, brushings, and washings. Objectives were to assess the yield of bronchial washings, brush cytology and to compare the yield of pre and post brush bronchial washings.Methods: Patients with suspicion of lung cancer will be subjected to bronchoscopy using flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Multiple procedures performed for the retrieval of tissue samples will include bronchial washings (pre and post brushing), bronchial brushing and endobronchial biopsy.Results: A total of 57 cases were included in the study with 40 (70.2%) males and 17 females (29.8%). The yield of pre-brush bronchial washings, post brush bronchial washings and bronchial brushings were 31.6% (18 of 57), 31.6% (18 of 57) and 61.4% (35 of 57) respectively. Biopsy was positive for malignancy in 11 of 19 (58.2%) cases. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest type seen in 32 (56.1%) patients. Of the 27 cases with endobronchial growth 11 were adenocarcinoma (40.7%).Conclusions: There was no difference between the yield of pre-brush washing and post brush washing. The yield of brush cytology was significantly more than the yield of bronchial washings. There is an increase in the yield after adding both pre and post brush bronchial wash.

Extrafascial Injection for Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block reduces Respiratory Complications Compared with a Conventional Intrafascial Injection: A Randomized, Controlled, Double Blind Trial

BACKGROUND: Hemidiaphragmatic paresis after ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block is reported to occur in up to 100% of patients. We tested the hypothesis that an injection lateral to the brachial plexus sheath reduces the incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis compared with a conventional intrafascial injection, while providing similar analgesia. METHODS: Forty ASA I-II patients undergoing elective shoulder and clavicle surgery under general anaesthesia were randomized to receive an ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block for analgesia, using 20ml bupivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200000 injected either between C5 and C6 within the interscalene groove (conventional intrafascial injection),or 4 mm lateral to the brachial plexus sheath (extrafascial injection). The primary outcome was incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis (diaphragmatic excursion reduction > 75%), measured by M-mode ultrasonography, before and 30 min after the procedure. Secondary outcomes were forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1s, and peak expiratory flow before and 30 min after the procedure. Block related outcomes were onset of sensory and motor block and post op duration of analgesia. RESULTS: The incidences of hemidiaphragmatic paresis were 95% (95% CI: 68–99%) and 25% (95% CI: 6–46%) in the conventional and extrafascial injection groups, respectively (P<0.0001). Other respiratory outcomes were significantly better preserved in the extrafascial injection group. A conventional injection was associated with a faster onset and longer duration of post op analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block with an extrafascial injection reduces the incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis and impact on respiratory function while providing similar analgesia compared to a conventional injection

To evaluate the association of hyperlipidemia in preterm delivery

INTRODUCTION: Obstetrics is a fine art built on the facts gathered by scientific research. In the era of modern obstetrics where there has been a rapid advancement in all specialties, preterm labor remains an enigma for the obstetricians today. Preterm labor is defined as the onset of regular painful, frequent, uterine contractions causing progressive effacement and dilatation of cervix occurring before 37 completed weeks of gestation from the first day of last menstrual period. Any infant born before 37 completed weeks should be called as preterm (WHO 1969). The lower limit which correlates with the fetal viability is less clearly defined. In United States it is 20 weeks. Royal college of obstetricians and Gynaecological (RCOG) working party considered it as 24 weeks. In India for legal purposes of viability it is defined as any gestation beyond 28 weeks (196 days). Normal human pregnancy results in a pronounced physiologic hypertriglyceridemia involving a gestational rise in blood TGL & Cholesterol. During the first half of normal pregnancy, increased maternal fat accumulation (relative anabolic state) is presumed to be important for the subsequent hypertriglyceridemia normally occurring in later gestation (relative catabolic state). Circulatory concentrations of VLDL & LDL normally increase with gestational as reflected by marked increases in serum TGL and Cholesterol. The hypertriglyceridemia is primarily due to enhanced entry of triglyceride rich lipoproteins (esp VLDL) into the circulation rather than to diminished removal. Estrogen may play a major role in the lipoprotein patterns seen in human pregnancy although LDL cholesterol is more influenced by the combined effect of increased estrogen and progesterone. Additionally placental lipoprotein lipase normally increases as term approaches. It is known that plasma trigylcerides and cholesterol level, increase during pregnancy and that enhanced lipolytic activity play a key role in making free fatty acid available to the fetus. The influence of elevated maternal triglycerides and cholesterol has not been extensively studied. As elevated circulating levels of trigylcerides and cholesterol are a marker for increased risk of preterm labour in pregnant women. So We therefore evaluated the relationship of elevated triglycerides and cholesterol on risk of preterm delivery. AIM OF THE STUDY: To Evaluate the association of elevated Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol levels at 24, 28, 32 weeks gestation in uncomplicated pregnancy and preterm delivery. To associate the elevated levels of Serum Triglyceride and Cholesterol as a predictor of preterm delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group includes 444 healthy pregnant women, fasting triglycerides and cholesterol levels during 24, 28, 32 weeks Gestation who have come to antenatal checkup at the Institute of Obstetrics Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children, Triplicane, Chennai-5 during the period September 2010 to October 2011. Only those patients we could follow up to term and planning delivery at KGH were included in the study. The design of the study prospective study. The biochemical investigations were done at the Institute of Biochemistry, Madras Medical College. The hospital ethical committee approved the study. Out of 444 antenatal mothers selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria 44 were excluded during the study for various reasons. 18 developed PIH, 4 developed Gestational diabetes Mellitus, and 22 were lost to follow up. Inclusion Criteria: • Age = 17 – 35 yrs. • Gestational age = From participants last menstrual period confirmed or modified by USG. Exclusion Criteria: • GDM, • Pregnancy included Hypertension, • Previous H/O preterm delivery, • Multiple pregnancy, • Hydramnios, • Cervical Incompetence, • Preexisting medical disease, • Cardiovascular disorder, • Renal disorder, • Congenital anamolies of fetus/malformation, • Maternal Alcohol consumption <20g/day, • Smoking, • Unknown last menstural period. METHODS: In all these antenatal mothers detailed history with special reference to diet and habits, followed by complete general and obstetric examination were done. The purpose of interrogation and investigation was explained to every patient and her informed consent obtained. SUMMARY: To evaluate the elevated serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels as a predictor of preterm delivery. • The study group includes 400 uncomplicated pregnant women of 24, 28, 32 weeks of gestation during the period September 2010 to October 2011 at Institute of social obstetrics and Govt Kasturba Gandhi Hospital. • From all the antenatal mothers included in the study the blood sample of serum triglycerides and cholesterol was taken after overnight fasting and were followed till delivery. • In this study group age of the mother and outcome of delivery has no statistically significant. • The study group with primis and second gravidas with preterm delivery has no statistically significant. • The study group with normal cholesterol values had good outcome were as 58.8% study group with elevated cholesterol values had preterm delivery is statistically significant (p=0.0001). • The study group with normal triglycerides of 0.3% and 64.3% of elevated triglycerides had preterm delivery. The mean of triglycerides values of the two types of outcome were 275.5 and 411.3 are statistically significant. • In the current study elevated triglycerides and cholesterol levels was found to be simple marker for preterm delivery. CONCLUSION: 1. Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol levels was evaluated in 400 antenatal mothers at 24, 28, 32 weeks of gestation with Fasting triglycerides and Cholesterol levels. 2. Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol levels was found to be elevated in patients who have gone in for preterm labor than those gone for term pregnancy. 3. Hence Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol levels has been found to be useful simple marker for preterm delivery

Association of hyperlipidemia in preterm delivery

Background: There are 3.6 million/year neonatal deaths around the world, of which 99 percent deaths are contributed by the developing countries. An infant born before 37 completed weeks is called as preterm. Normal human pregnancy results in a pronounced physiological hypertriglyceridemia involving a gestational rise in blood triglycerides (TGL) and cholesterol.  As elevated circulating levels of triglycerides and cholesterol are markers for increased risk of preterm labor in pregnant women. Atherosis of the Utero placental spiral arteries may be induced by the Hyperlipidemia in pregnancy to cause preterm delivery.Methods: The study group included 444 healthy pregnant women in the age group of 17-35 years and whose gestational age was confirmed either by their last menstrual period or by dating ultrasound. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of elevated serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels, in an uncomplicated pregnancy and preterm delivery. In all these antenatal mothers (study group) a detailed history with special reference to diet and habits, followed by a complete obstetric and general examination were done. All antenatal mothers who were included in the study were subjected for serum triglycerides and cholesterol estimation from the overnight fasting blood samples, at 24, 28, & 32 weeks of gestation.Results: In this study 374 patients who had normal cholesterol delivered at term, however 15 patients out of 26 (42.5%) patients who showed abnormal cholesterol had preterm delivery and 22 patients out of 35 (62.8%) patients with abnormal triglycerides level delivered prematurely.Conclusions: The measurement of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides along with other measures like clinical and serum screening of Alpha fetoprotein and inhibin A can potentially be used for predicting the preterm labo

Evaluation of Bond Strength of Metal-Resin using Different Modes of Mechanical Retention: An In Vitro study.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the bond strength of Ni-Cr metal and ADORO resin processed by “ Lost salt crystal technique” using salts of different crystal shapes. [Sodium chloride (Cube shape), Potassium permanganate (Irregular shape) and Ammonium chloride (Spherical shape)]. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 samples (30 for each group) were prepared in wax with a handle. The salt crystals were embedded into the 8mm disc of the wax pattern (Group A with Cube shape , Group B with Irregular shape, Group C with Spherical shape) and washed in tap water. The patterns were sprued, invested and casted. A transparent matrix was used to standardize the 2mm thickness of SR ADORO resin over the casted pattern. The SR ADORO resin was added to the casted patterns as per manufacturer’s instructions. The finished samples were mounted in a jig and was tested for shear bond strength in Instron Universal testing machine. RESULT: One way ANOVA test showed a significant difference in mean shear bond strength (p < 0.05) among the three groups. t-test showed a significant difference in mean shear bond strength of Group A, when compared to Group B & C. Chi-square test showed significant difference (p<0.05) in modes of failure among the three groups. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the shear bond strength of Group A (Cube shape) was better followed by Group B (Irregular shape) and Group C (Spherical shape)

Effectiveness of Low Intensity Aquatic Exercise and Floor Exercise in Improving Functional Vital Capacity and Forced Expiratorty Volume among Subjects with COPD: A Comparative study

INTRODUCTION: Despite the growing number of studies reporting therapeutic success in water environments, research involving aquatic exercise among patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is scarce. This study evaluates the impact of low-intensity aquatic exercise and floor exercises on COPD. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness of low intensity aquatic exercise in improving functional capacity and forced expiratory volume among subjects with COPD. METHODOLOGY: 30 subjects were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into two groups, Group A (15) and Group B (15). Group A received low intensity Floor exercise and Group B received low intensity Aquatic exercise and the Functional capacity and Forced Expiratory volume were measured using the 6 minute walk test, spirometer. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant improvement in vital capacity and forced expiratory volume after treatment program. Aquatic group showed clinically and statistically significant improvement in vital capacity and expiratory forced volume when compared to the floor group. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the subjects in the Aquatic exercise group showed statistically significant improvement (i.e) the subjects in (Group B) showed increase in functional capacity and forced expiratory volume when compared to the subjects in floor group (Group A)

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF NIGELLA SATIVA SILVER NANOPARTICLES: BIOCHEMICAL STUDY

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Nigella sativa silver nanoparticles (NS AgNPs). Methods: Fourier transform infrared analysis was used to characterize the NS AgNPs and the extract. 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay was done to test the antioxidant potency of NS AgNP. Furthermore, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and the NS AgNP was determined by red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization assay, protein inhibition assay, and interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta assay. Results: The NS AgNP exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant property. At the concentration 0.01 mg/ml 80% of radical was scavenged by NS AgNP. Inhibition of protein denaturation assay also suggests that NS AgNP shows the highest activity (70%) when compared with the standard drug aspirin (65%). RBC assay suggests that NS AgNP stabilizes the RBC membrane and prevents leaking. In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method the NS AgNP showed better IL-1 beta inhibition activity when compared to aqueous extract. Conclusion: From the study, it was inferred that NS AgNPs are more effective when compared to the extract. These results suggest that NS AgNP can be used to treat inflammatory disorders

A STUDY ON IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (ESDP) FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF MSMEs IN INDIA

The Entrepreneurship and Skill Development Program (ESDP) was launched by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) to build the capacities and skills of Indian entrepreneurs, both current and future ones. One of the many initiatives offered by the Ministry of MSME, it aims to increase the capacity of young people to take on challenges and create successful businesses across the nation. There are various activities under the plan that are coordinated in Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), Polytechnics, and other specialized institutions/business colleges where there is talent available to influence teenagers toward self-employment. One of the essential elements for the development of any area is having an adequate supply of skilled human resources. Today, the problem is fundamentally linked to the employability problem rather than the lack of employment opportunities. This is a major problem in many developing countries where young children are taught, but they need skills that will help them become prepared for the workforce. Hence, the current study has been done with a view to give an analytical outline of the importance of ESDP for the sustainable growth of MSMEs in India

IN VITRO ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY OF NATIVE INDIAN SEAWEED SARGASSUM SP.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To investigate the antiplasmodial activity of three different solvent extracts of Sargassum tenerrimum against Plasmodium falciparum.Methods: The seaweed species of S. tenerrimum were collected from Rameshwaram, Southeast coast of India. The collected samples were dried andextracted with three different polaritic (hexane, acetone, and ethylacetate) solvents and tested against P. falciparum parasite strain.Results: Acetone extract exhibited better activity than the other two extracts. The inhibitory concentration values of acetone S. tenerrimum werefound to be 27.82 and 18.14 µg/ml at 24-48 hrs, respectively. S. tenerrimum crude extracts were subjected for the phytochemical analysis, and itshowed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, amino acids, and phenol compounds. The gas chromatography-massspectroscopy result reveals that the presence of 10 major and minor compounds in the S. tenerrimum extract. In that, cyclotrisiloxane hexamethylcompounds might be responsible for the effective parasite suppression.50Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that the acetone extract of S. tenerrimum has strong antiplasmodial activity. Furthermore, thestudy has been extended to the isolation of the possible active compounds that is responsible for the antiplasmodial properties.Keywords: Antiplasmodial assay, Different polaritic solvents, Plasmodium falciparum, Sargassum tenerrimum