A new prenylated biflavonoid from the leaves of <i><b>Garcinia dulcis</b></i>

<div><p>A new prenylated biflavonoid, named dulcisbiflavonoid A, together with five biflavonoids were isolated from the leaves of <i>Garcinia dulcis</i>. Their structures were elucidated by analysing their spectroscopic data, especially 1D and 2D NMR.</p></div

Phylogenetic tree based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences of strongly active endophytic fungi.

<p>The number of each branch point represents percentage bootstrap support from Maximum Parsimony (MP BS) and Neighbour Joining (NJ BS) with 100 replications shown on the branch. MP BS values ≥50% are shown before the slash; NJ BS values ≥50% are shown after the slash. Length; 37 steps; consistency index (CI); 0.8108; retention index (RI); 0.9391; homoplasy index (HI); 0.1892; rescaled consistency index (RC); 0.7615.</p

Scanning electron micrographs of test microorganisms with strongly active crude extracts.

<p><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> ATCC 90112 (A–E), <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> ATCC 90113 (F), <i>Candida albicans</i> NCPF 3153 (G–I) and a clinical isolate of <i>Microsporum</i><i>gypseum</i> (K–L) after incubation with 10% DMSO (A, G and J), amphotericin B (B and H), miconazole (K), hexane extract from the mycelia of <i>Penicillium</i> sp. PSU-ES43 (C), hexane extract from the mycelia of PSU-ES190 (D), ethyl acetate extract from the mycelia of <i>Fusarium</i> sp. PSU-ES73 (E and F), ethyl acetate extract from the mycelia of <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. PSU-ES38 (I), and hexane extract from the mycelia of Hypocreales sp. PSU-ES26 (L) for 16 h at 4 times their MIC values.</p

Antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungal crude extracts against each test microorganism.

<p>SA, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> ATCC 25923; MRSA, methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>; EC, <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 25922; PA, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> ATCC 27853; CA1, <i>Candida albicans</i> ATCC 90028; CA2, <i>C. albicans</i> NCPF 3153; CN1, <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> ATCC 90112 (flucytosine-sensitive); CN2, <i>C. neoformans</i> ATCC 90113 (flucytosine-resistant); MG, <i>Microsporum</i><i>gypseum</i> clinical isolate; PM, <i>Penicillium</i><i>marneffei</i> clinical isolate.</p

New depside from <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco

<div><p>A new depside, named depcitrus A (<b>1</b>), and 31 known compounds were isolated from the peels, leaves and branch barks of <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco. Methylation of the high polarity fractions from the branch barks and peels gave one new methylated compound named depcitrus B (<b>14</b>) and five known compounds. Their structures were established based on spectroscopic evidence. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of some pure compounds were evaluated.</p></div

Xylariphilone: a new azaphilone derivative from the seagrass-derived fungus Xylariales sp. PSU-ES163

<div><p>One new azaphilone derivative, named xylariphilone (<b>1</b>), along with 10 known compounds was isolated from the seagrass-derived fungus Xylariales sp. PSU-ES163. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute and relative configurations of <b>1</b> were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and NOEDIFF data. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated.</p></div

γ‑Butyrolactone, Cytochalasin, Cyclic Carbonate, Eutypinic Acid, and Phenalenone Derivatives from the Soil Fungus <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. PSU-RSPG185

Purification of an extract from the broth of the soil fungus <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. PSU-RSPG185 resulted in the isolation of two new cyclic carbonate derivatives, aspergillusols A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), and one new eutypinic acid derivative, aspergillusic acid (<b>3</b>), along with six known secondary metabolites. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> contain an unusual cyclic-carbonate functionality. In addition, the mycelial extract afforded two new phenalenones, aspergillussanones A (<b>4</b>) and B (<b>5</b>), one new cytochalasin, aspergilluchalasin (<b>6</b>), and one new γ-butyrolactone, aspergillulactone (<b>7</b>). Their structures were established by interpretation of spectroscopic evidence. Compound <b>4</b> exhibited weak activity toward KB and Vero cells with IC₅₀ values of 48.4 and 34.2 μM, respectively

A new anthraquinone from <i>Morinda elliptica</i> Ridl.

<div><p>A new anthraquinone, morinquinone, together with 18 known anthraquinones were isolated from the stems of <i>Morinda elliptica</i> Ridl. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. They each showed weak inhibitory activity against a susceptible strain of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and a methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>. Damnacanthal was effective against <i>Microsporum gypseum</i> (MIC 1 μg/mL). Lucidin was active against <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> (MIC 31.25 μg/mL) and <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> (MIC 7.8 μg/mL).</p></div

Phthalide and Isocoumarin Derivatives Produced by an <i>Acremonium</i> sp. Isolated from a Mangrove <i>Rhizophora apiculata</i>

Nine new fungal metabolites, one phthalide derivative, acremonide (<b>1</b>), and eight isocoumarin derivatives, acremonones A–H (<b>2</b>–<b>9</b>), were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus <i>Acremonium</i> sp. PSU-MA70 together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were determined by NMR analysis. The known 8-deoxytrichothecin and trichodermol exhibited moderate antifungal activity against <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus neoformanns</i>, respectively

Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes and Diphenyl Thioethers from the Soil Fungus Penicillium copticola PSU-RSPG138

Four new compounds including two eremophilane sesquiterpenes, penicilleremophilanes A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), as well as two sulfur-containing biphenols, penicillithiophenols A (<b>3</b>) and B (<b>4</b>), were isolated from the soil fungus Penicillium copticola PSU-RSPG138 together with 16 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Known sporogen AO-1 exhibited significant antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with an IC₅₀ value of 1.53 μM and cytotoxic activity to noncancerous (Vero) cell lines with an IC₅₀ value of 4.23 μM. Although compound <b>1</b> was approximately half as active against P. falciparum with the IC₅₀ value of 3.45 μM, it showed much weaker cytotoxic activity