792 research outputs found
Landscape influence on small-scale water temperature variations in a moorland catchment
Acknowledgements Iain Malcolm and staff at Marine Scotland (Pitlochry) are thanked for the provision of data from the AWS. Finally, the two anonymous reviewers are greatly acknowledged for their constructive comments.Peer reviewedPostprin
Modelling landscape controls on dissolved organic carbon sources and fluxes to streams
Acknowledgments We thank the Natural Environment Research Council NERC (project NE/K000268/1) for funding. Iain Malcolm and staff at Marine Scotland (Pitlochry) are also thanked for the provision of data from the AWS as are the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and British Atmospheric Data Centre for the provision of meteorological data.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Stream water age distributions controlled by storage dynamics and nonlinear hydrologic connectivity : Modeling with high-resolution isotope data
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
A study of the serological response to helminths in domestic animals
A study has "been made of the serological
responses occurring in domestic animals as a result
of natural infestation with helminth parasites.
The helminth infestations studied were those of
Fasclola hepatica. Cysticereus bovls. Ascaris
lumhrlcoides, Dlctyocaulua vlviparus and Trichlnella
spiralis,F.HEPATLCA.
The serological response, as indicated
by the precipitin test, in F.hepatlca infestation
was most marked when the immature parasites were
in their migratory phase. Thereafter the precipitin
antibody level became lowerSpecific complement fixation antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of only one infested
animal. This was indicative that the complement
fixation technique was unsuitable for the demonstrat¬
ion of antibodies in P,hepatica infestation.
Alcoholic extracts of the parasite were found to
give varying degrees of r.on specific complement
fixation with sheep sera, irrespective of F.hepatica
infestation.The miracidia of F.hepatlca were observed
to suffer a lethal effect when placed in sheep
serum. Complement was necessary for the reaction.Hypersensitivity, demonstrable by an
JLOD#
Intradermal test, was evident in a large percentage
of animals infested with F.hepatica. In some cases
this hypersensitivity was passively transferable, "by
means of serum, to a non sensitive animal. Local
skin desensitisation could "be produced to a marked
degree hut generalised skin desensitisation was
less obvious when large quantities of antigenic
material were administered.G.BOVIS.
Precipitin antibodies were demonstrated
in the sera of animals which showed multiple
eysticerci in the musculature. When only a few
(1 or 2) eysticerci were present a serological
response was frequently absent. Polysaccharide
solutions of the parent parasite, T# saglnata#
produced precipitin reactions with the sera of
animals infested with P.hepatica only. This was
thought to be due to an isoagglutinin like producing
antigen present in both T.saginata and hepatlca.Animals infested with F#hepatica produced
hypersensitive skin reactions to extracts of C.bovls#
A common allergen In the two parasites was thought
to be responsible#A.LUMBRIOOIDEA.
Precipitin antibodies were demonstrated
in the sera of pigs. These were found to bear no
relationship to the presence of mature A.lumbricoides
In the intestine# They did, however, show a
relationship to the degree of chronic focal
interstitial hepatitis.Hypersensitivity to extracts of A.lumbricoldes
was evident in the majority of swine. This was
similar to the precipitin reaction, in that it was
related to the degree of chronic focal interstitial
hepatitis but not to the presence of intestinal
forms of A.lumbrlcolfles.D.VIVLNARUS.
The majority of cattle examined showed
skin hypersensitivity to D.vivlparue extracts.
This hypersensitivity was most evident in the age
group 2-j? to 3-j years. The hypersensitivity
demonstrated occurred in the absence of parasites.
Intestinal helminths did not influence the
hypersensitive state.Hypersensitivity was demonstrated in sheep
undergoing a sub-clinical infestation with 13.filaria
Infestations with other lung worms produced a
hypersensitive state which could be demonstrated by
D.filaria extracts. This was indicative of a group
reaction.T,SPIRALIS.
Hypersensitivity to extracts of T.spiralis
was demonstrated in only 5# 4$ of swine. Only
0.91 of swine showed marked reactions. Since these
occurred in animals possessing marked hypersensitivity
to A.lumbrlcoidea it was concluded that a strong
hypt rsensitivity to A,lmribrlcoltl.es could sensitise
pigs to extracts of T.spiralis. Infestations with
T.trlchiura did not produce hypersensitivity to
T.spiralis extracts.The use of animals at an abattoir afforded
the opportunity to correlate the serological
findings with post mortem evidence of infestation.
Since the lack of helminth eggs in the faeces does
not necessarily indicate absence of helminth
infestation the post mortem examinations carried out
gave a more complete picture of the parasitic burden.
As a result it was found that light infestations
or pathological evidence of helminth infestation
could be correlated with the serological findings
(vide P.hepatica. C.bovls and A.lumbrlcoldes).
If faeces examination had been the sole criterion
of evidence of infestation no correlation between
serological findings and infestation would have
been evident and false conclusions may have been
drawn
Using geophysical surveys to test tracer-based storage estimates in headwater catchments
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Stian Bradford, Chris Gabrielli, and Julie Timms for practical and logistical assistance. The provision of transport by Iain Malcolm and Ross Glover of Marine Scotland Science was greatly appreciated. We also thank the European Research Council ERC (project GA 335910 VEWA) for funding through the VeWa project and the Leverhulme Trust for funding through PLATO (RPG-2014-016).Peer reviewedPostprin
Using repeat electrical resistivity surveys to assess heterogeneity in soil moisture dynamics under contrasting vegetation types
As the relationship between vegetation and soil moisture is complex and reciprocal, there is a need to understand how spatial patterns in soil moisture influence the distribution of vegetation, and how the structure of vegetation canopies and root networks regulates the partitioning of precipitation. Spatial patterns of soil moisture are often difficult to visualise as usually, soil moisture is measured at point scales, and often difficult to extrapolate. Here, we address the difficulties in collecting large amounts of spatial soil moisture data through a study combining plot- and transect-scale electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys to estimate soil moisture in a 3.2 km 2 upland catchment in the Scottish Highlands. The aim was to assess the spatio-temporal variability in soil moisture under Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris) and heather moorland shrubs (Calluna vulgaris); the two dominant vegetation types in the Scottish Highlands. The study focussed on one year of fortnightly ERT surveys. The surveyed resistivity data was inverted and Archie's law was used to calculate volumetric soil moisture by estimating parameters and comparing against field measured data. Results showed that spatial soil moisture patterns were more heterogeneous in the forest site, as were patterns of wetting and drying, which can be linked to vegetation distribution and canopy structure. The heather site showed a less heterogeneous response to wetting and drying, reflecting the more uniform vegetation cover of the shrubs. Comparing soil moisture temporal variability during growing and non-growing seasons revealed further contrasts: under the heather there was little change in soil moisture during the growing season. Greatest changes in the forest were in areas where the trees were concentrated reflecting water uptake and canopy partitioning. Such differences have implications for climate and land use changes; increased forest cover can lead to greater spatial variability, greater growing season temporal variability, and reduced levels of soil moisture, whilst projected decreasing summer precipitation may alter the feedbacks between soil moisture and vegetation water use and increase growing season soil moisture deficits. © 2018 Elsevier B.V
Sediment dynamics
This chapter provides descriptions of essential features of modelling of a broad range of problems involving many classes of sediment, flow, applications and research top¬ics. The experimental reproduction of hydraulic processes involving sediment dynam¬ics is focussed on the sediments and not the hydrodynamic processes, which are covered in other chapters. Since a great deal of experimental research on sediment dynamics remains to be done, laboratory experiments to elucidate process knowledge (research) as well as physical modelling of site-specific applications (consultancy) will be covered
Assessing the impact of drought on water cycling in urban trees via in-situ isotopic monitoring of plant xylem water
CRediT authorship contribution statement A-M. Ring: Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Investigation, Validation, Formal analysis, Methodology. D. Tetzlaff: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing, Validation, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Software. M. Dubbert: Writing – review & editing, Investigation, Methodology. J. Freymueller: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology. C. Soulsby: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Validation, Supervision.Peer reviewe
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