Landscape influence on small-scale water temperature variations in a moorland catchment

Acknowledgements Iain Malcolm and staff at Marine Scotland (Pitlochry) are thanked for the provision of data from the AWS. Finally, the two anonymous reviewers are greatly acknowledged for their constructive comments.Peer reviewedPostprin

Modelling landscape controls on dissolved organic carbon sources and fluxes to streams

Acknowledgments We thank the Natural Environment Research Council NERC (project NE/K000268/1) for funding. Iain Malcolm and staff at Marine Scotland (Pitlochry) are also thanked for the provision of data from the AWS as are the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and British Atmospheric Data Centre for the provision of meteorological data.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Stream water age distributions controlled by storage dynamics and nonlinear hydrologic connectivity : Modeling with high-resolution isotope data

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A study of the serological response to helminths in domestic animals

A study has "been made of the serological responses occurring in domestic animals as a result of natural infestation with helminth parasites. The helminth infestations studied were those of Fasclola hepatica. Cysticereus bovls. Ascaris lumhrlcoides, Dlctyocaulua vlviparus and Trichlnella spiralis,F.HEPATLCA. The serological response, as indicated by the precipitin test, in F.hepatlca infestation was most marked when the immature parasites were in their migratory phase. Thereafter the precipitin antibody level became lowerSpecific complement fixation antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of only one infested animal. This was indicative that the complement fixation technique was unsuitable for the demonstrat¬ ion of antibodies in P,hepatica infestation. Alcoholic extracts of the parasite were found to give varying degrees of r.on specific complement fixation with sheep sera, irrespective of F.hepatica infestation.The miracidia of F.hepatlca were observed to suffer a lethal effect when placed in sheep serum. Complement was necessary for the reaction.Hypersensitivity, demonstrable by an JLOD# Intradermal test, was evident in a large percentage of animals infested with F.hepatica. In some cases this hypersensitivity was passively transferable, "by means of serum, to a non sensitive animal. Local skin desensitisation could "be produced to a marked degree hut generalised skin desensitisation was less obvious when large quantities of antigenic material were administered.G.BOVIS. Precipitin antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of animals which showed multiple eysticerci in the musculature. When only a few (1 or 2) eysticerci were present a serological response was frequently absent. Polysaccharide solutions of the parent parasite, T# saglnata# produced precipitin reactions with the sera of animals infested with P.hepatica only. This was thought to be due to an isoagglutinin like producing antigen present in both T.saginata and hepatlca.Animals infested with F#hepatica produced hypersensitive skin reactions to extracts of C.bovls# A common allergen In the two parasites was thought to be responsible#A.LUMBRIOOIDEA. Precipitin antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of pigs. These were found to bear no relationship to the presence of mature A.lumbricoides In the intestine# They did, however, show a relationship to the degree of chronic focal interstitial hepatitis.Hypersensitivity to extracts of A.lumbricoldes was evident in the majority of swine. This was similar to the precipitin reaction, in that it was related to the degree of chronic focal interstitial hepatitis but not to the presence of intestinal forms of A.lumbrlcolfles.D.VIVLNARUS. The majority of cattle examined showed skin hypersensitivity to D.vivlparue extracts. This hypersensitivity was most evident in the age group 2-j? to 3-j years. The hypersensitivity demonstrated occurred in the absence of parasites. Intestinal helminths did not influence the hypersensitive state.Hypersensitivity was demonstrated in sheep undergoing a sub-clinical infestation with 13.filaria Infestations with other lung worms produced a hypersensitive state which could be demonstrated by D.filaria extracts. This was indicative of a group reaction.T,SPIRALIS. Hypersensitivity to extracts of T.spiralis was demonstrated in only 5# 4$ of swine. Only 0.91 of swine showed marked reactions. Since these occurred in animals possessing marked hypersensitivity to A.lumbrlcoidea it was concluded that a strong hypt rsensitivity to A,lmribrlcoltl.es could sensitise pigs to extracts of T.spiralis. Infestations with T.trlchiura did not produce hypersensitivity to T.spiralis extracts.The use of animals at an abattoir afforded the opportunity to correlate the serological findings with post mortem evidence of infestation. Since the lack of helminth eggs in the faeces does not necessarily indicate absence of helminth infestation the post mortem examinations carried out gave a more complete picture of the parasitic burden. As a result it was found that light infestations or pathological evidence of helminth infestation could be correlated with the serological findings (vide P.hepatica. C.bovls and A.lumbrlcoldes). If faeces examination had been the sole criterion of evidence of infestation no correlation between serological findings and infestation would have been evident and false conclusions may have been drawn

Using geophysical surveys to test tracer-based storage estimates in headwater catchments

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Stian Bradford, Chris Gabrielli, and Julie Timms for practical and logistical assistance. The provision of transport by Iain Malcolm and Ross Glover of Marine Scotland Science was greatly appreciated. We also thank the European Research Council ERC (project GA 335910 VEWA) for funding through the VeWa project and the Leverhulme Trust for funding through PLATO (RPG-2014-016).Peer reviewedPostprin

Using repeat electrical resistivity surveys to assess heterogeneity in soil moisture dynamics under contrasting vegetation types

As the relationship between vegetation and soil moisture is complex and reciprocal, there is a need to understand how spatial patterns in soil moisture influence the distribution of vegetation, and how the structure of vegetation canopies and root networks regulates the partitioning of precipitation. Spatial patterns of soil moisture are often difficult to visualise as usually, soil moisture is measured at point scales, and often difficult to extrapolate. Here, we address the difficulties in collecting large amounts of spatial soil moisture data through a study combining plot- and transect-scale electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys to estimate soil moisture in a 3.2 km 2 upland catchment in the Scottish Highlands. The aim was to assess the spatio-temporal variability in soil moisture under Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris) and heather moorland shrubs (Calluna vulgaris); the two dominant vegetation types in the Scottish Highlands. The study focussed on one year of fortnightly ERT surveys. The surveyed resistivity data was inverted and Archie's law was used to calculate volumetric soil moisture by estimating parameters and comparing against field measured data. Results showed that spatial soil moisture patterns were more heterogeneous in the forest site, as were patterns of wetting and drying, which can be linked to vegetation distribution and canopy structure. The heather site showed a less heterogeneous response to wetting and drying, reflecting the more uniform vegetation cover of the shrubs. Comparing soil moisture temporal variability during growing and non-growing seasons revealed further contrasts: under the heather there was little change in soil moisture during the growing season. Greatest changes in the forest were in areas where the trees were concentrated reflecting water uptake and canopy partitioning. Such differences have implications for climate and land use changes; increased forest cover can lead to greater spatial variability, greater growing season temporal variability, and reduced levels of soil moisture, whilst projected decreasing summer precipitation may alter the feedbacks between soil moisture and vegetation water use and increase growing season soil moisture deficits. © 2018 Elsevier B.V

Sediment dynamics

This chapter provides descriptions of essential features of modelling of a broad range of problems involving many classes of sediment, flow, applications and research top¬ics. The experimental reproduction of hydraulic processes involving sediment dynam¬ics is focussed on the sediments and not the hydrodynamic processes, which are covered in other chapters. Since a great deal of experimental research on sediment dynamics remains to be done, laboratory experiments to elucidate process knowledge (research) as well as physical modelling of site-specific applications (consultancy) will be covered

Assessing the impact of drought on water cycling in urban trees via in-situ isotopic monitoring of plant xylem water

CRediT authorship contribution statement A-M. Ring: Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Investigation, Validation, Formal analysis, Methodology. D. Tetzlaff: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing, Validation, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Software. M. Dubbert: Writing – review & editing, Investigation, Methodology. J. Freymueller: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology. C. Soulsby: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Validation, Supervision.Peer reviewe