330 research outputs found
Estimated refractive index and solid density of DT, with application to hollow-microsphere laser targets
The literature values for the 0.55-m refractive index N of liquid and gaseous H and D are combined to yield the equation (N - 1) = [(3.15 +- 0.12) x 10]rho, where rho is the density in moles per cubic meter. This equation can be extrapolated to 300K for use on DT in solid, liquid, and gas phases. The equation is based on a review of solid-hydrogen densities measured in bulk and also by diffraction methods. By extrapolation, the estimated densities and 0.55-m refractive indices for DT are given. Radiation-induced point defects could possibly cause optical absorption and a resulting increased refractive index in solid DT and T. The effect of the DT refractive index in measuring glass and cryogenic DT laser targets is also described. (auth
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Estimated values of some cryogenic properties of hydrogen isotopes
The literature on cryogenic hydrogen isotopes from 4.2 to 25K is reviewed for triple points, vapor pressures, liquid viscosities, surface tensions, and liquid and solid densities. Data are extrapolated to yield values for DT. Empirical equations are given for all isotopes for each property. At the estimated 19.71K triple point of 1:1 D-T in D-DT-T solution, the estimated properties are: vapor pressure, 19,420 Pa (145.7 torr); viscosity 550 x 10 Pa.s; surface tension 4.23 x 10 N/m; liquid density, 0.0446 x 10 mol/m (224 Kg/m); solid density, 0.051 x 10 mol/m (256 Kg/m); and shrinkage upon freezing, -13 vol percent. At 4.2K, estimated values are: vapor pressure, 2.4 x 10 Pa (1.8 x 10 torr) and solid density, 0.053 x 10 mol/m (267 Kg/m). (auth
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The Energy Diameter Effect
We explore various relations for the detonation energy and velocity as they relate to the inverse radius of the cylinder. The detonation rate-inverse slope relation seen in reactive flow models can be used to derive the familiar Eyring equation. Generalized inverse radii can be shown to fit large quantities of cylinder results. A rough relation between detonation energy and detonation velocity is found from collected JWL values. Cylinder test data for ammonium nitrate mixes down to 6.35 mm radii are presented, and a size energy effect is shown to exist in the Cylinder test data. The relation that detonation energy is roughly proportional to the square of the detonation velocity is shown by data and calculation
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Estimated refractive index and solid density of DT, with application to hollow-microsphere laser targets
The literature values for the 0.55-m refractive index N of liquid and gaseous H and D are combined to yield the equation (N - 1) = [(3.15 +- 0.12) x 10]rho, where rho is the density in moles per cubic meter. This equation can be extrapolated to 300K for use on DT in solid, liquid, and gas phases. The equation is based on a review of solid-hydrogen densities measured in bulk and also by diffraction methods. By extrapolation, the estimated densities and 0.55-m refractive indices for DT are given. Radiation-induced point defects could possibly cause optical absorption and a resulting increased refractive index in solid DT and T. The effect of the DT refractive index in measuring glass and cryogenic DT laser targets is also described. (auth
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Enhancing atom densities in solid hydrogen by isotopic substitution
Atomic hydrogen inside solid H{sub 2} increases the energy density by 200 MegaJoules/m{sup 3}, for each percent mole fraction stored. How many atoms can be stored in solid hydrogen To answer this, we need to know: (1) how to produce and trap hydrogen atoms in solid hydrogen, (2) how to keep the atoms from recombining into the ground molecular state, and (3) how to measure the atom density in solid hydrogen. Each of these topics will be addressed in this paper. Hydrogen atoms can be trapped in solid hydrogen by co-condensing atoms and molecules, external irradiation of solid H{sub 2}, or introducing a radioactive impurity inside the hydrogen lattice. Tritium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen, is easily condensed as a radioactive isotopic impurity in solid H{sub 2}. Although tritium will probably not be used in future rockets, it provides a way of applying a large, homogenious dose to solid hydrogen. In all of the data presented here, the atoms are produced by the decay of tritium and thus knowing how many atoms are produced from the tritium decay in the solid phase is important. 6 refs., 6 figs
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LX-17 and ufTATB Data for Corner-Turning, Failure and Detonation
Data is presented for the size (diameter) effect for ambient and cold confined LX-17, unconfined ambient LX-17, and confined ambient ultrafine TATB. Ambient, cold and hot double cylinder corner-turning data for LX-17, PBX 9502 and ufTATB is presented. Transverse air gap crossing in ambient LX-17 is studied with time delays given for detonations that cross
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Secondary containment system for a high tritium research cryostat
A 4.2- to 300-K liquid helium cryostat was constructed for cryogenic samples of D-T containing up to 4 x 10 dis/s (10,000 Ci) of tritium radioactivity. The cryostat is enclosed in a secondary box, which acts as the ultimate container in case of a tritium release. Dry argon is flushed through the box, and the box atmosphere is monitored for tritium, oxygen, and water vapor. A rupture disk and abort tank protect the box atmosphere in case the sample cell breaks. If tritium breaks into the box, a powdered uranium getter trap reduces the 4 x 10 dis/s (10,000 Ci) to 4 x 10 dis/s (0.1 Ci) in 24 h. A backup palladium-zeolite getter system goes into operation if an overabundance of oxygen contaminates the uranium getter. (auth
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Bigplate: an oblique angle explosive EOS test
Bigplate is an advanced explosive equation of state (EOS) test. It consists of a point detonator driving a large disc (100 mm radius) of explosive, which pushes a 0.5 mm thick copper or tantalum plate. The plate is observed by a five-beam Fabry-Perot interferometer, which has beams at 0, 10, 20,40 and 80 mm on the plate. A short Fabry gives the jump-off to high accuracy; a long Fabry runs out to I0-15 microsec. A detailed error analysis is given, with the final velocity measurements considered good to ±0.066 mm/microsec. Jump-offs are measured to 0.01-0.02 microsec. Spall is seen in all shots, which creates a time delay on both the first and second velocity plateaus. A 0.1 microsec delay in jump-off of unknown origin is also seen at 80 mm. In order of decreasing explosive ideality, the explosives tired have been LX-14, LX-04 and LX-17. To partially negate the time delays, the data and code runs are overlaid at each radial position between the first and second plateaus. Traditional JWL's model LX-14 and LX-04 within accuracy, but not so for LX-17. The spall may be partly modeled using the pmin model but high resolution zoning is required. At longer times, spall does not appear to affect the explosive energetics. Because it includes diagonal zone crossing, Bigplate occupies a location between simple plate and cylinder tests and truly complex geometries. Hence, an EOS that fails Bigplate is not likely to move on to more complex issues. Bigplate is an excellent test bed for radically new EOS's, and the initial LX-17 runs done with Equilibrium and KINETIC CHEETAH are promising
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