Conforto térmico de habitações em Medellín

The indoor thermal environment of buildings influences people’s health, well-being and productivity, as well as energy consumption. The importance of thermal comfort in buildings has been recognized for decades. However, this aspect is still incipient in the Colombian construction industry, especially in housing projects. In this research, the thermal performance of three common housing types in the city of Medellin was analyzed. To do this, the operative temperature, the predicted mean vote (PMV) and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) were calculated in accordance with ISO 7730:2005. The results showed that the thermal inertia of two of the three types of housing examined was insufficient to offer adequate thermal conditions, despite the temperate climate of the Aburra Valley. These results warn about the vulnerability of urban population in Colombia to extreme temperature fluctuations.El ambiente térmico en una edificación influye en la salud, el bienestar y la productividad de las personas, así como en el consumo energético. La importancia del confort térmico en las edificaciones se reconoce desde hace décadas, no obstante, este aspecto es aún incipiente en la industria de la construcción colombiana, sobre todo en proyectos de vivienda. En esta investigación se analizó el desempeño térmico de tres tipos de vivienda comunes en la ciudad de Medellín. Para ello se calculó la temperatura operativa, el voto medio estimado (PMV) y el porcentaje estimado de insatisfechos (PPD), de acuerdo con la norma ISO 7730:2005. Los resultados mostraron que la inercia térmica de dos de los tres tipos de vivienda examinados no es suficiente para ofrecer un confort térmico adecuado, a pesar del clima templado del Valle de Aburrá. Estos resultados alertan sobre la vulnerabilidad de la población urbana en Colombia ante fluctuaciones extremas de temperatura.O ambiente térmico em uma construção influencia na saúde, no bem-estar e na produtividade das pessoas, bem como no consumo energético. A importância do conforto térmico nas edificações é reconhecida há décadas, não obstante, esse aspecto ainda é incipiente na indústria da construção colombiana, sobretudo em projetos de habitação. Nesta pesquisa, o desempenho térmico de três tipos de habitação comuns na cidade de Medellín foi analisado. Para isso, calculou-se a temperatura operativa, o voto médio estimado (PMV) e a porcentagem estimada de insatisfeitos (PPD), de acordo com a norma ISO 7730:2005. Os resultados mostraram que a inércia térmica de dois dos três tipos de habitação examinados não é suficiente para oferecer um conforto térmico adequado, apesar do clima ameno do Valle de Aburrá. Esses resultados alertam sobre a vulnerabilidade da população urbana na Colômbia ante oscilações extremas de temperatura

Strategische Umweltprüfung eines Landnutzungsprogramms in der Riviera Maya, Mexico : Analyse von Alternativen, Aufbau eines Überwachungskonzeptes und GIS-basierte Auswertung

Ecological Land-Use Planning (ELUP) is the central strategy implemented in Mexico to achieve sustainable development. However, even after more than a decade of experience there are no concrete evaluations to determine how the implemented ELUP-Programmes (ELUPP) have influenced regional development and thus what the consequences on the environment are. In this investigation, some of the key stages of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) are carried out on the ELUPP Cancun-Tulum, which is considered to be one of the most important land-use programmes in Mexico. Aim of the study: To achieve the SEA key principles, i.e. to identify reasonable alternatives and to improve the ELUPP Cancun-Tulum. Special emphasis is dedicated to the selection of environmental indicators for monitoring and to the supervision of the programme implementation using a GIS-remote sensing approach. Method of investigation: The baseline environment in the Riviera Maya and the ELUPP Cancun-Tulum’s framework are first examined. Next, an identification of alternatives at regional level is effectuated using geographic information systems (GIS). A monitoring scheme is then proposed to supervise the implementation of the ELUPP Cancun-Tulum. The supervision mechanism is based on a pressure-state-response (PSR) indicator framework. Finally, six environmental indicators are examined using GIS-remote sensing techniques. The assessment encompasses the remote sensing interpretation of two Landsat Geocover Mosaics, and the determination of six landscape spatial indices to evaluate extend and pattern of fragmentation of vegetation. Results and technical applicability: A reasonable alternative site location for the development of New Tulum (which is one of the cities included in the ELUPP Cancun-Tulum) was proposed. A monitoring mechanism was suggested to supervise the ELUP implementation, including the identification of 19 environmental indicators. The GIS-remote sensing analysis demonstrated that there has been a reduction in the total area of habitat available and that fragmentation of vegetation increased in the Riviera Maya. The results reported here can be used to improve the ELUPP Cancun-Tulum. In addition, this investigation may be useful to improve other ELUP-Programmes in Mexico.Die Ökologische Flächennutzungsplanung (ELUP) wird in Mexiko als zentrale Strategie angewendet, um eine nachhaltige Entwicklung zu erreichen. Nach mehr als einem Jahrzehnt der Erfahrung gibt es jedoch noch keine konkreten Auswertungen darüber, wie die eingeführten ELUP-Programme (ELUPP) regionale Entwicklungen beeinflussen und welche Auswirkungen sie auf die Umwelt haben. In dieser Forschungsarbeit werden einige Schlüsselphasen der Strategischen Umweltprüfung (SUP) auf das ELUPP Cancun-Tulum, das eines der wichtigsten Flächennutzungsprogramme Mexicos ist, angewendet. Ziel: Es sollen die Grundsätze der SUP, angebrachte Alternativen zu identifizieren und damit das ELUPP Cancun-Tulum zu verbessern, erreicht werden. Schwerpunkte sind dabei die Auswahl von Umweltindikatoren zur Beobachtung und die Überwachung der Programmimplementierung mit einer GIS-basierten Fernerkundungsmethode. Untersuchungsmethode: Zuerst werden die Umweltbedingungen der Riviera Maya und der Rahmen des ELUPP Cancun-Tulum untersucht. Anschließend erfolgt mit Hilfe eines geographischen Informationssystems (GIS) eine Identifizierung von Alternativen für die regionale Entwicklung. Für die Überwachung/Verifizierung der Programmimplementierung wird ein Monitoringkonzept empfohlen. Dieses Konzept basiert auf einem Druck-Zustand-Antwort (DZA)-Modell. Schließlich wird der Effekt der ELUPP Cancun-Tulum Implementierung auf die Pflanzenbedeckung analysiert. Diese Untersuchung umfasst die Interpretation der Fernerkundung von zwei Landsat Geocover Mosaiken und die Berechnung von sechs landschaftsräumlichen Indices. Ergebnisse und technische Anwendung: Für die Entwicklung der Neuen Tulum City (die eine der Städte des ELUPP Cancun-Tulum ist) wurde ein angemessener alternativer Standort vorgeschlagen. Zur Überwachung der Programmimplementierung wurde eine Methode vorgestellt, die die Identifizierung von 19 Umweltindikatoren einschließt. Die Analyse der GIS-basierten Fragmentierung für die Riviera Maya zeigte, dass der verfügbare Lebensraum verkleinert und die Fragmentierung der Vegetation wesentlich erhöht wurden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit können für die Verbesserung des ELUPP Cancun-Tulum verwendet werden. Darüber hinaus steht damit auch eine Methodik für ähnliche Umweltanalysen zur Verfügung

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS IN MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA, USING AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)

Thermal anomalies in built environments, known as Urban Heat Islands (UHI), are studied with satellite-derived data. However, this information is insufficient to examine regions such as the Aburra Valley, where the city of Medellin is located. In this valley, atmospheric interferences are common and the rugged terrain influences the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface, which hinders the analysis of the UHI. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be used to obtain the Land Surface Temperature (LST) at a time and location that is more convenient. In this project, a UAV was equipped with a thermal sensor to collect data on natural (ground vegetation and trees) and artificial (concrete, asphalt, and clay roof tiles) land cover types in Medellin, Colombia. The thermal information provided by the drone overcame the limitations of the satellite-derived data in terms of spatial, temporal, and radiometric resolution. This data enabled the study of specific land-cover types in different urban contexts, especially the influence of vegetation on LST. The findings suggested that the distribution of trees is crucial for UHI mitigation. Tree shading reduced the surface temperature of asphalt in average by 12°C and by 5.7°C for concrete. In addition, the presence of trees alongside streets reduced the maximum surface temperature of asphalt by 22.4°C in the same neighborhood. These results contributed to the understanding of the influence of urban development on Medellin’s temperature

Confort térmico en viviendas de Medellín

The indoor thermal environment of buildings influences people’s health, well-being and productivity, as well as energy consumption. The importance of thermal comfort in buildings has been recognized for decades. However, this aspect is still incipient in the Colombian construction industry, especially in housing projects. In this research, the thermal performance of three common housing types in the city of Medellin was analyzed. To do this, the operative temperature, the predicted mean vote (PMV) and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) were calculated in accordance with ISO 7730:2005. The results showed that the thermal inertia of two of the three types of housing examined was insufficient to offer adequate thermal conditions, despite the temperate climate of the Aburra Valley. These results warn about the vulnerability of urban population in Colombia to extreme temperature fluctuations.O ambiente térmico em uma construção influencia na saúde, no bem-estar e na produtividade das pessoas, bem como no consumo energético. A importância do conforto térmico nas edificações é reconhecida há décadas, não obstante, esse aspecto ainda é incipiente na indústria da construção colombiana, sobretudo em projetos de habitação. Nesta pesquisa, o desempenho térmico de três tipos de habitação comuns na cidade de Medellín foi analisado. Para isso, calculou-se a temperatura operativa, o voto médio estimado (PMV) e a porcentagem estimada de insatisfeitos (PPD), de acordo com a norma ISO 7730:2005. Os resultados mostraram que a inércia térmica de dois dos três tipos de habitação examinados não é suficiente para oferecer um conforto térmico adequado, apesar do clima ameno do Valle de Aburrá. Esses resultados alertam sobre a vulnerabilidade da população urbana na Colômbia ante oscilações extremas de temperatura.El ambiente térmico en una edificación influye en la salud, el bienestar y la productividad de las personas, así como en el consumo energético. La importancia del confort térmico en las edificaciones se reconoce desde hace décadas, no obstante, este aspecto es aún incipiente en la industria de la construcción colombiana, sobre todo en proyectos de vivienda. En esta investigación se analizó el desempeño térmico de tres tipos de vivienda comunes en la ciudad de Medellín. Para ello se calculó la temperatura operativa, el voto medio estimado (PMV) y el porcentaje estimado de insatisfechos (PPD), de acuerdo con la norma ISO 7730:2005. Los resultados mostraron que la inercia térmica de dos de los tres tipos de vivienda examinados no es suficiente para ofrecer un confort térmico adecuado, a pesar del clima templado del Valle de Aburrá. Estos resultados alertan sobre la vulnerabilidad de la población urbana en Colombia ante fluctuaciones extremas de temperatura