Review article of the current state of glaciers in the tropical Andes: a multi-century perspective on glacier evolution and climate change

The aim of this paper is to provide the community with a comprehensive overview of the studies of glaciers in the tropical Andes conducted in recent decades leading to the current status of the glaciers in the context of climate change. In terms of changes in surface area and length, we show that the glacier retreat in the tropical Andes over the last three decades is unprecedented since the maximum extension of the LIA (mid 17th–early 18th century). In terms of changes in mass balance, although there have been some sporadic gains on several glaciers, we show that the trend has been quite negative over the past 50 yr, with a mean mass balance deficit for glaciers in the tropical Andes that is slightly more negative than the computed global average. A break point in the trend appeared in the late 1970s with mean annual mass balance per year decreasing from −0.2m w.e. in the period 1964–1975 to −0.76m w.e. in the period 1976–2010. In addition, even if glaciers are currently retreating everywhere in the tropical Andes, it should be noted that as a percentage, this is much more pronounced on small glaciers at low altitudes that do not have a permanent accumulation zone, and which could disappear in the coming years/decades. Monthly mass balance measurements performed in Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia showed that variability of the surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean is the main factor governing variability of the mass balance variability at the interannual to decadal time scale. Precipitation did not display a significant trend in the tropical Andes in the 20th century, and consequently cannot explain the glacier recession. On the other hand, temperature increased at a significant rate of 0.10◦Cdecade−1 in the last 70 yr. The higher frequency of El Nin ̃o events and changes in its spatial and temporal occurrence since the late 1970s together with a warming troposphere over the tropical Andes may thus explain much of the recent dramatic shrinkage of glaciers in this part of the world

Long non-coding RNAs: spatial amplifiers that control nuclear structure and gene expression

Over the past decade, it has become clear that mammalian genomes encode thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), many of which are now implicated in diverse biological processes. Recent work studying the molecular mechanisms of several key examples — including Xist, which orchestrates X chromosome inactivation — has provided new insights into how lncRNAs can control cellular functions by acting in the nucleus. Here we discuss emerging mechanistic insights into how lncRNAs can regulate gene expression by coordinating regulatory proteins, localizing to target loci and shaping three-dimensional (3D) nuclear organization. We explore these principles to highlight biological challenges in gene regulation, in which lncRNAs are well-suited to perform roles that cannot be carried out by DNA elements or protein regulators alone, such as acting as spatial amplifiers of regulatory signals in the nucleus

Métodos para estudiar el efecto del cambio climático sobre los bofedales y sus servicios ambientales inherentes

El acelerado retroceso glaciar debido al actual calentamiento global conlleva nuevos desafíos para las comunidades vegetales altoandinas, especialmente durante el establecimiento de nuevos bofedales. Existe una confusión de ritmo entre el tiempo necesario para la colonización vegetal y el tiempo requerido para desarrollarse en ese tipo de ambiente, posterior al retroceso glaciar (específicamente la formación de suelos). Como resultado, hacemos la hipótesis que las nuevas comunidades sean diferentes de las existentes y empobrecidos en especies estrictamente altoandinas. Este artículo propone y discute metodologías de investigación para examinar las modalidades de formación de nuevas comunidades vegetales altoandinas, posterior al acelerado retroceso glaciar en los Andes tropicales. Se utilizan cuatro cronosecuencias post-glaciales recientes (cada una entre 0 y 38 años después del retroceso glaciar) para estudiar los primeros pasos de sucesión primaria bajo los efectos del calentamiento global. Para evaluar la vegetación se propone utilizar cuadrantes de 1 m2 y realizar por lo menos 15 repeticiones en cada banda de desglaciación (cuatro bandas en cada cronosecuencia). Discutimos mediciones bióticas y abióticas que permiten examinar los efectos 1) de los límites de dispersión de cada especie, 2) del estrés abiótico (temperatura, humedad, viento) a lo largo del retroceso glaciar y 3) de la presencia/ausencia de organismos nodrizas como plantas y costra biológica, sobre la sucesión primaria. La comprobación de estos métodos en campo nos permitió discutir la pertinencia de cada una y de proponer métodos complementarios para estudios futuros en la misma temática

Retrieving avalanche basal friction law from high rate positioning of avalanches

International audienceThe Voellmy avalanche basal friction parameters are retrieved from high rate positioning of artificially released avalanches. Two dense snow avalanches were triggered at the Lautaret full-scale test site on December 19th 2012 and February 13th 2013. Their fronts were tracked thanks to an accurate photogrammetric system. Couples of images were acquired at 1 frame per second with 2 APS-C DSLR synchronized cameras set at 800 meters from the avalanche track. 9 control points are used for image orientation and the typical precision for this measurement is around 0.2m for any point of the avalanche front. For the two avalanches, velocities are determined on several points of the front along different directions orthogonal to the flow. In order to retrieve rheological parameters of the avalanche, the front is considered as a hydraulic intumescence and the relation between its velocity and the avalanches properties is developed in the sliding block model framework. The Voellmy friction parameters in the accelerating, steady and decelerating phases are quantified and discussed