12 research outputs found

    āļžāļĪāļāļĐāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāļīāđ‰āļ§āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ Phytochemical Study and Anti-wrinkle Activity of Blue Clitoria ternatea L. Petal Extract

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ—āđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĨāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāļīāđ‰āļ§āļĢāļ­āļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠ āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 80% āđ€āļ­āļ—āļēāļ™āļ­āļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđ€āļŦāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļĢāļ°āđ€āļŦāļĒāđāļšāļšāļŦāļĄāļļāļ™ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩ Folin-Ciocalteu āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ­āļĨāļđāļĄāļīāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ—āđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ pH āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĨāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāļīāđ‰āļ§āļĢāļ­āļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩ spectrophotometric āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩ colorimetric āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 50 (IC50) āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ 1 g āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļ āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ—āđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ™ āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļĢāļ”āđāļāļĨāļĨāļīāļ 43.96 mg, āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđ€āļ„āļ§āļ­āđ€āļ‹āļ•āļīāļ™ 3.33 mg āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ”āļīāļ™ 0.026 mg āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĨāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāļīāđ‰āļ§āļĢāļ­āļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļē IC50 āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠ āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļš 4.47 mg/ml āđāļĨāļ° 3.60 mg/ml āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™ 17 mg/ml (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡ 31.38%) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļžāļĪāļāļĐāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ—āđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĨāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāļīāđ‰āļ§āļĢāļ­āļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩ āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™, āļžāļĪāļāļĐāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ, āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠ, āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠ, āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠ Abstract Objective: To determine total phytochemical contents, including phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin of blue C. ternatea L. extract and to investigate its anti-wrinkle activity from anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities. Methods: The pulverized blue C. ternatea L. petal was extracted by 80% ethanol and evaporated by a rotary evaporator. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were determined by Folin-ciocalteu, AlCl3 complexation colorimetric, and pH differential methods based on gallic acid, quercetin, and cyanidin standard curves, respectively. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities were determined by spectrophotometric method with gallic acid as a positive control. Anti-hyaluronidase activity was determined by the colorimetric method with quercetin as a positive control. Results: Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of blue C. ternatea L. petal extract were found at 43.96 mgGAE, 3.33 mgQE, and 0.026 mgCE per 1 g of extract, respectively. The inhibition activity of blue C. ternatea L. petal extract on elastase and collagenase exhibited IC50 values of 4.47 and 3.60 mg/ml, respectively. It showed the most active hyaluronidase inhibition at 17 mg/ml (31.38% hyaluronidase inhibition). Conclusion: The phytochemistry including phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin were found in blue C. ternatea L. petal extract with the highest amount of phenolic compound. The extract showed anti-wrinkle activity on anti-elastase and anti-collagenase, while it showed low anti-hyaluronidase activity. Keywords: blue Clitoria ternatea L. petal, phytochemical contents, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, anti-hyaluronidas

    Physicochemical and Microbiological Stability of Phenytoin Sodium Extemporaneous Suspension

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    ABSTRACTObjective: To study the physicochemical and microbiological stability of phenytoin sodium extemporaneous suspension. Methods: Theextemporaneous suspension was prepared from the prompt release capsules of phenytoin sodium (100 mg/capsule). Four capsuleswere uncapped and the granules were ground into fine powders using a mortar and pestle. The powders were dispersed in sugar-freesuspension structured vehicle to achieve the concentration of 10 mg/mL. The suspensions were stored in glass and polyethylene plasticbottles and kept at 4, 25, and 40 šC. The percent initial drug remaining, pH, sedimentation volume, viscosity, X-ray-powderdiffractometry and microbial stability were evaluated. Results: The percent phenytoin sodium concentration remained above 90% ofinitial concentration up to 56 days at all temperatures. The pH of suspensions were rather constant in both glass and polyethylenecontainers. The sedimentation volumes were 0.39 - 0.41 and redispersibilities were 3.3 - 3.5 throughout the study. The rheology ofprepared suspension exhibited a shear-thining system. The X-ray powder diffractogram showed that sediment of phenytoin sodium insugar-free suspension structured vehicle was in free acid form and no change in polymorphic form was observed after storage at 25 šCfor 56 days. Conclusion: The extemporaneous suspension was chemically stable up to 56 days at 4, 25, and 40 šC. The preparedsuspension met USP specification in microbial examination of nonsterile product after storage at 25 šC for 56 days.Keywords: extemporaneous, phenytoin, stabili

    āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļ§āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡ Anti-aging Activity of Mauve Clitoria Ternatea L. Petal Extract

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļ§āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠ āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļ āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ—āđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļœāļ‡āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 80% āđ€āļ­āļ—āļēāļ™āļ­āļĨ  āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđ€āļŦāļĒāđ€āļ­āļ—āļēāļ™āļ­āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļĢāļ°āđ€āļŦāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļšāļšāļŦāļĄāļļāļ™ āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļ§āļąāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 50 (IC50) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩ spectrophotometry āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļĢāļ”āđāļāļĨāļĨāļīāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļšāļ§āļ āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩ colorimetry āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļ§āļ­āđ€āļ‹āļ—āļīāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļšāļ§āļ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļ āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ—āđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩ Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride complexation colorimetric method āđāļĨāļ° pH differential method āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļē IC50 āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠ āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļš 2.95, 3.37 āđāļĨāļ° 12.67 mg/ml āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļ 27.84 mg GAE, āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ 3.47 mg QE, āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ—āđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ™ 0.02 mg CE āđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™ 1 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļ§āļąāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠ āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļ āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ—āđ„āļ‹āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļ§āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļāđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļžāļšāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŸāļĩāļ™āļ­āļĨāļīāļāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļ§āļąāļĒ, āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ­āļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđ€āļ•āļŠ, āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ„āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļˆāļĩāđ€āļ™āļŠ, āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđ‚āļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ”āļŠ, āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļšāļ”āļ­āļāļ­āļąāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŠāļĩāļĄāđˆāļ§āļ‡Abstract Objective: To investigate anti-aging activity of mauve Clitoria ternatea L. (commonly known as butterfly pea) petal extract including anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase, and to determine the contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin. Methods: The extract was prepared by soaking powdered mauve C. ternatea L. petal in 80% ethanol, then filtered and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities were determined by spectrophotometry with gallic acid as a positive control. Anti-hyaluronidase was determined by colorimetry with quercetin as a positive control and anti-aging activity was reported as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total anthocyanin content were determined by Folin-ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride complexation colorimetric method, and pH differential method, respectively. Results: Anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities of mauve C. ternatea L. petal extract were exhibited with IC50 values of 2.95, 3.37, and 12.67 mg/ml, respectively. The total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin were 27.84 mg GAE/g, 3.47 mg QE/g, and 0.02 mg CE/g of the extract, respectively. Conclusion: Mauve C. ternatea L. petal extract possessed anti-aging activity by inhibiting activities of elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. It contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. The anti-aging activity of mauve C. ternatea L. petal extract might be the effect of phenolic compounds since it was found the highest amount in the extract. Keywords: anti-aging activity, anti-elastase activity, anti-collagenase activity, anti-hyaluronidase activity, mauve Clitoria ternatea L. petal extrac

    Basic Chemistry Calculation Achievement Enhancement for Pharmacy Students Using Chemistry Calculation Exercise

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    Objective: To develop basic chemistry-calculation achievement for thepharmacy students by using chemistry-calculation exercise. Method: Theexercise consisted of 4 basic learning units including 1) chemical unit andunit conversion, 2) chemical equation (balancing chemical equations), 3)solution and expression of concentration, and 4) chemical equilibrium.Subjects were 52 3rd year pharmacy students enrolling in thePharmaceutical Quality Control I (QC I) course in the 1st semester of theacademic year 2009, voluntarily participating in the study. With one-grouppretest-posttest design, 4 learning units were given sequentially to studentswithin a 3-month period. Chemistry calculation achievement was testedbefore and after the 3-month learning. Students’ average score of thecalculation parts from the midterm and final examination of the QC I coursecalculation was also tested whether at least 50% of such total score wasachieved. Results: Posttest score was significantly higher than the pretestone (from 2.46 to 4.26, P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Score fromcalculation part from the QC I course was significantly higher than 50%(70.0%, P < 0.001, t-test). Conclusion: Learning by means of chemistrycalculationexercise effectively enhanced the calculation achievementreflected by test scores among pharmacy students in the PharmaceuticalQuality Control I course. The exercise and its concept could be furtherapplied in other courses, but with some caution since there was no controlgroup and some other factors potentially contributing to such achievementcould not be fully controlled.Keywords: chemistry calculation, pharmacy students, chemistry calculationexercis

    āļŦāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ€āļ‹āļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļĨāđ„āļ‹āļĢāļąāļ› A Variety of Paracetamol Syrups

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    ABSTRACTIn this article, we demonstrates a case study in community pharmacy forone-on-one training between a pharmacy student (4th year or higher) as apharmacist trainee and an instructor as a simulated customer and as a coachgiving critique feed back after the case completion. At a simulated communitypharmacy, a customer requested paracetamol syrup for his daughter. Thecontent of the case is defined into 3 columns. The left column contains thepharmacist trainee’s talk, thought and action; while the middle columndictates the simulated customer interact and act in accordance with thetrainee. The right column offers additional explanations the talks, thoughtsand acts of the trainee and customer in the first two columns. The emphasisis on oral liquid paracetamol product differentiation. How to integrate basicpharmaceutical knowledge acquired by the 4th year pharmacy students intopharmacy practice is demonstrated. Bilingual content, Thai and English, isavailable for communication with English speaking customers.Keywords: paracetamol syrup, fever, history taking, community pharmacy,bilingual, integratio

    āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļĄāļēāđ‚āļ—āļāļĢāļēāļŸāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļŠāļĄāļĢāļĢāļ–āļ™āļ°āļŠāļđāļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļžāļĢāļĩāļāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļžāļĨāļēāļŠāļĄāļēāļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ Development and Validation of an High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Pregabalin in Human Plasma

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    Objective: To develop and validate method for quantitative determination ofpregabalin in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatographyequipped with fluorescence detector. Method: Sample preparation requiredplasma protein precipitation using acetonitrile. The supernatant was thenaliquoted and pre-column derivatized with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan(NBD-Cl). The optimum derivatization conditions established were 2.24mg/ml of NBD-Cl, pH 11 and 80 °C. After 15 min, the reaction wasterminated using 0.02 M HCl. The chromatographic separation was carriedout on a Phenomenex C18 column. Mobile phase, a mixture of KH2PO4buffer (10 mM; pH 2.5) and acetonitrile (50:50, v/v), was eluted at the flowrate of 1.2 ml/min. The fluorescent derivatives were monitored at theexcitation and emission wavelengths of 460 and 558 nm, respectively.Results: The obtained derivatives were found to be stable (> 96%)remaining for at least 48 hours at 20 °C. The developed assay forpregabalin was linear over a range of 20 – 10,000 ng/ml in plasma (R2 >0.9999). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 20 ng/ml when 20 ξlinjection volume was applied. The average percentage coefficient ofvariation (% CV) and % recovery at LLOQ level were within 5.19% and101.86%, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method, proved to besensitive, selective, precise and accurate, meets the standards ofbioanalysis method validation accepted by the United States Food andDrug Administration (US FDA) guideline 2013 and the European MedicinesAgency (EMEA) guideline 2011.Keywords: Pregabalin, Gabapentin, Human plasma, HPLC, NBD-C

    āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™: āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĢāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļē 2 Attitude towards and Effectiveness of Report-based Self-directed Learning Process: A Case Study in Medicinal Chemistry-2 Course

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    ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate attitude towards and effectiveness of a reportbasedself-directed learning process, in addition to traditional classroomlearning. Methods: In this descriptive classroom research, we enrolledstudents registering the medicinal chemistry-2 of the Faculty of Pharmacy,Srinakharinwirot University, in the 2nd semester, academic year 2008. Inevaluating the report-based self-directed learning, 1) self-directed learningbehavior, 2) attitude towards the learning process were self-assessed bythe students, 3) effectiveness of the learning process was assessed by theinstructors grading 8 reports. Results: The majority of students (50.00%)spent 2 – 4 hours per week for self-directed learning, while 94.10% learnedat their residence, 72.10% learned alone, and 92.60% learned from coursematerials. Structure-activity relationship was the topic the majority ofstudents learned (73.50%). Most students (83.90%) reported that thelearning helped them understand more, 79.40% agreed that the learningprocess helped them realize their problems and obstacles in the classroomlearning, and 70.60% felt enthusiastic in the learning. In terms ofeffectiveness, assignment scores ranged from 8 – 9 points (out of 10) forall topics. Conclusion: Report-based self-directed learning process helpedstudents review course materials, realized their shortcomings and unclearcontents for further self-directed learning. The process could help studentsimprove their life-long learning process.Keywords: self-directed learning, self-directed learning report, medicinalchemistry cours

    Drug stability analyzer for long duration spaceflights

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