12 research outputs found
āļāļĪāļāļĐāđāļāļĄāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļĪāļāļāļīāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ Phytochemical Study and Anti-wrinkle Activity of Blue Clitoria ternatea L. Petal Extract
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļ āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠ āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ 80% āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđāļŦāļĒāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļĨāļąāđāļāļĢāļ°āđāļŦāļĒāđāļāļāļŦāļĄāļļāļ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ Folin-Ciocalteu āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļĨāļđāļĄāļīāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĄāļāļĨāļāđāļĢāļāđ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļāđāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāđāļēāļ pH āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāđāļāļĒāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ spectrophotometric āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ colorimetric āđāļāļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļĨāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļāđāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 50 (IC50) āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ 1 g āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļ āļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļ āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļāđāļāļĨāļĨāļīāļ 43.96 mg, āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļ§āļāđāļāļāļīāļ 3.33 mg āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļīāļ 0.026 mg āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāļāļāļ§āđāļē āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļē IC50 āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ āđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļ 4.47 mg/ml āđāļĨāļ° 3.60 mg/ml āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āđāļāđāļĄāļĩāļĪāļāļāļīāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄāļāđāļ 17 mg/ml (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļ 31.38%) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļāļĄāļĩāļāļĪāļāļĐāđāļāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļĩ āđāļāđāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļĨāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ, āļāļĪāļāļĐāđāļāļĄāļĩ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠ Abstract Objective: To determine total phytochemical contents, including phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin of blue C. ternatea L. extract and to investigate its anti-wrinkle activity from anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities. Methods: The pulverized blue C. ternatea L. petal was extracted by 80% ethanol and evaporated by a rotary evaporator. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were determined by Folin-ciocalteu, AlCl3 complexation colorimetric, and pH differential methods based on gallic acid, quercetin, and cyanidin standard curves, respectively. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities were determined by spectrophotometric method with gallic acid as a positive control. Anti-hyaluronidase activity was determined by the colorimetric method with quercetin as a positive control. Results: Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of blue C. ternatea L. petal extract were found at 43.96 mgGAE, 3.33 mgQE, and 0.026 mgCE per 1 g of extract, respectively. The inhibition activity of blue C. ternatea L. petal extract on elastase and collagenase exhibited IC50 values of 4.47 and 3.60 mg/ml, respectively. It showed the most active hyaluronidase inhibition at 17 mg/ml (31.38% hyaluronidase inhibition). Conclusion: The phytochemistry including phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin were found in blue C. ternatea L. petal extract with the highest amount of phenolic compound. The extract showed anti-wrinkle activity on anti-elastase and anti-collagenase, while it showed low anti-hyaluronidase activity. Keywords: blue Clitoria ternatea L. petal, phytochemical contents, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, anti-hyaluronidas
Physicochemical and Microbiological Stability of Phenytoin Sodium Extemporaneous Suspension
ABSTRACTObjective: To study the physicochemical and microbiological stability of phenytoin sodium extemporaneous suspension. Methods: Theextemporaneous suspension was prepared from the prompt release capsules of phenytoin sodium (100 mg/capsule). Four capsuleswere uncapped and the granules were ground into fine powders using a mortar and pestle. The powders were dispersed in sugar-freesuspension structured vehicle to achieve the concentration of 10 mg/mL. The suspensions were stored in glass and polyethylene plasticbottles and kept at 4, 25, and 40 šC. The percent initial drug remaining, pH, sedimentation volume, viscosity, X-ray-powderdiffractometry and microbial stability were evaluated. Results: The percent phenytoin sodium concentration remained above 90% ofinitial concentration up to 56 days at all temperatures. The pH of suspensions were rather constant in both glass and polyethylenecontainers. The sedimentation volumes were 0.39 - 0.41 and redispersibilities were 3.3 - 3.5 throughout the study. The rheology ofprepared suspension exhibited a shear-thining system. The X-ray powder diffractogram showed that sediment of phenytoin sodium insugar-free suspension structured vehicle was in free acid form and no change in polymorphic form was observed after storage at 25 šCfor 56 days. Conclusion: The extemporaneous suspension was chemically stable up to 56 days at 4, 25, and 40 šC. The preparedsuspension met USP specification in microbial examination of nonsterile product after storage at 25 šC for 56 days.Keywords: extemporaneous, phenytoin, stabili
āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļ°āļĨāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļ Anti-aging Activity of Mauve Clitoria Ternatea L. Petal Extract
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļ°āļĨāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļ āđāļāļĒāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠ āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļŦāļēāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļ āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒ 80% āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨÂ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđāļŦāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļĨāļąāđāļāļĢāļ°āđāļŦāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļŦāļĄāļļāļ āļāļāļŠāļāļāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļ°āļĨāļāļ§āļąāļĒ āđāļāļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļĨāđāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļāđāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 50 (IC50) āļāļķāđāļāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ spectrophotometry āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāđāļāļĨāļĨāļīāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāđāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļ āļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ colorimetry āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļ§āļāđāļāļāļīāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāđāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļŦāļēāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļ āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride complexation colorimetric method āđāļĨāļ° pH differential method āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļē IC50 āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠ āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļ 2.95, 3.37 āđāļĨāļ° 12.67 mg/ml āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļ 27.84 mg GAE, āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđ 3.47 mg QE, āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļ 0.02 mg CE āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļ 1 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļāļĄāļĩāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļ°āļĨāļāļ§āļąāļĒ āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠ āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļ āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļ āļāļķāđāļāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļ°āļĨāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļāļāđāļēāļāļ°āđāļāđāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļāđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļ°āļĨāļāļ§āļąāļĒ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠ, āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĄāđāļ§āļAbstract Objective: To investigate anti-aging activity of mauve Clitoria ternatea L. (commonly known as butterfly pea) petal extract including anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase, and to determine the contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin. Methods: The extract was prepared by soaking powdered mauve C. ternatea L. petal in 80% ethanol, then filtered and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities were determined by spectrophotometry with gallic acid as a positive control. Anti-hyaluronidase was determined by colorimetry with quercetin as a positive control and anti-aging activity was reported as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total anthocyanin content were determined by Folin-ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride complexation colorimetric method, and pH differential method, respectively. Results: Anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities of mauve C. ternatea L. petal extract were exhibited with IC50 values of 2.95, 3.37, and 12.67 mg/ml, respectively. The total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin were 27.84 mg GAE/g, 3.47 mg QE/g, and 0.02 mg CE/g of the extract, respectively. Conclusion: Mauve C. ternatea L. petal extract possessed anti-aging activity by inhibiting activities of elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. It contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. The anti-aging activity of mauve C. ternatea L. petal extract might be the effect of phenolic compounds since it was found the highest amount in the extract. Keywords: anti-aging activity, anti-elastase activity, anti-collagenase activity, anti-hyaluronidase activity, mauve Clitoria ternatea L. petal extrac
Basic Chemistry Calculation Achievement Enhancement for Pharmacy Students Using Chemistry Calculation Exercise
Objective: To develop basic chemistry-calculation achievement for thepharmacy students by using chemistry-calculation exercise. Method: Theexercise consisted of 4 basic learning units including 1) chemical unit andunit conversion, 2) chemical equation (balancing chemical equations), 3)solution and expression of concentration, and 4) chemical equilibrium.Subjects were 52 3rd year pharmacy students enrolling in thePharmaceutical Quality Control I (QC I) course in the 1st semester of theacademic year 2009, voluntarily participating in the study. With one-grouppretest-posttest design, 4 learning units were given sequentially to studentswithin a 3-month period. Chemistry calculation achievement was testedbefore and after the 3-month learning. Studentsâ average score of thecalculation parts from the midterm and final examination of the QC I coursecalculation was also tested whether at least 50% of such total score wasachieved. Results: Posttest score was significantly higher than the pretestone (from 2.46 to 4.26, P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Score fromcalculation part from the QC I course was significantly higher than 50%(70.0%, P < 0.001, t-test). Conclusion: Learning by means of chemistrycalculationexercise effectively enhanced the calculation achievementreflected by test scores among pharmacy students in the PharmaceuticalQuality Control I course. The exercise and its concept could be furtherapplied in other courses, but with some caution since there was no controlgroup and some other factors potentially contributing to such achievementcould not be fully controlled.Keywords: chemistry calculation, pharmacy students, chemistry calculationexercis
āļŦāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļēāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĨāđāļāļĢāļąāļ A Variety of Paracetamol Syrups
ABSTRACTIn this article, we demonstrates a case study in community pharmacy forone-on-one training between a pharmacy student (4th year or higher) as apharmacist trainee and an instructor as a simulated customer and as a coachgiving critique feed back after the case completion. At a simulated communitypharmacy, a customer requested paracetamol syrup for his daughter. Thecontent of the case is defined into 3 columns. The left column contains thepharmacist traineeâs talk, thought and action; while the middle columndictates the simulated customer interact and act in accordance with thetrainee. The right column offers additional explanations the talks, thoughtsand acts of the trainee and customer in the first two columns. The emphasisis on oral liquid paracetamol product differentiation. How to integrate basicpharmaceutical knowledge acquired by the 4th year pharmacy students intopharmacy practice is demonstrated. Bilingual content, Thai and English, isavailable for communication with English speaking customers.Keywords: paracetamol syrup, fever, history taking, community pharmacy,bilingual, integratio
āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļ§āļīāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļĄāļēāđāļāļāļĢāļēāļāļĩāļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļŠāļĄāļĢāļĢāļāļāļ°āļŠāļđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļēāļāļēāļĨāļīāļāđāļāļāļĨāļēāļŠāļĄāļēāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđ Development and Validation of an High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Pregabalin in Human Plasma
Objective: To develop and validate method for quantitative determination ofpregabalin in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatographyequipped with fluorescence detector. Method: Sample preparation requiredplasma protein precipitation using acetonitrile. The supernatant was thenaliquoted and pre-column derivatized with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan(NBD-Cl). The optimum derivatization conditions established were 2.24mg/ml of NBD-Cl, pH 11 and 80 °C. After 15 min, the reaction wasterminated using 0.02 M HCl. The chromatographic separation was carriedout on a Phenomenex C18 column. Mobile phase, a mixture of KH2PO4buffer (10 mM; pH 2.5) and acetonitrile (50:50, v/v), was eluted at the flowrate of 1.2 ml/min. The fluorescent derivatives were monitored at theexcitation and emission wavelengths of 460 and 558 nm, respectively.Results: The obtained derivatives were found to be stable (> 96%)remaining for at least 48 hours at 20 °C. The developed assay forpregabalin was linear over a range of 20 â 10,000 ng/ml in plasma (R2 >0.9999). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 20 ng/ml when 20 Ξlinjection volume was applied. The average percentage coefficient ofvariation (% CV) and % recovery at LLOQ level were within 5.19% and101.86%, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method, proved to besensitive, selective, precise and accurate, meets the standards ofbioanalysis method validation accepted by the United States Food andDrug Administration (US FDA) guideline 2013 and the European MedicinesAgency (EMEA) guideline 2011.Keywords: Pregabalin, Gabapentin, Human plasma, HPLC, NBD-C
āđāļāļāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļĨāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļāđāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļ: āļāļĢāļāļĩāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĢāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļāļēāđāļāļĄāļĩāļāļāļāļĒāļē 2 Attitude towards and Effectiveness of Report-based Self-directed Learning Process: A Case Study in Medicinal Chemistry-2 Course
ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate attitude towards and effectiveness of a reportbasedself-directed learning process, in addition to traditional classroomlearning. Methods: In this descriptive classroom research, we enrolledstudents registering the medicinal chemistry-2 of the Faculty of Pharmacy,Srinakharinwirot University, in the 2nd semester, academic year 2008. Inevaluating the report-based self-directed learning, 1) self-directed learningbehavior, 2) attitude towards the learning process were self-assessed bythe students, 3) effectiveness of the learning process was assessed by theinstructors grading 8 reports. Results: The majority of students (50.00%)spent 2 â 4 hours per week for self-directed learning, while 94.10% learnedat their residence, 72.10% learned alone, and 92.60% learned from coursematerials. Structure-activity relationship was the topic the majority ofstudents learned (73.50%). Most students (83.90%) reported that thelearning helped them understand more, 79.40% agreed that the learningprocess helped them realize their problems and obstacles in the classroomlearning, and 70.60% felt enthusiastic in the learning. In terms ofeffectiveness, assignment scores ranged from 8 â 9 points (out of 10) forall topics. Conclusion: Report-based self-directed learning process helpedstudents review course materials, realized their shortcomings and unclearcontents for further self-directed learning. The process could help studentsimprove their life-long learning process.Keywords: self-directed learning, self-directed learning report, medicinalchemistry cours