Inflow of pigs (frequency groups) in the participating households during the past 12 months (n = 204), (Cambodia 2014–2015).

<p>Inflow of pigs (frequency groups) in the participating households during the past 12 months (n = 204), (Cambodia 2014–2015).</p

Perceived constraints to pig-keeping amongst the households studied (n = 102)^* (Cambodia 2014–2015).

<p>Perceived constraints to pig-keeping amongst the households studied (n = 102)^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0182247#t004fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} (Cambodia 2014–2015).</p

Household characteristics among pig-keepers in urban and peri-urban Phnom Penh (n = 204), (Cambodia 2014–2015).

<p>Household characteristics among pig-keepers in urban and peri-urban Phnom Penh (n = 204), (Cambodia 2014–2015).</p

Changes in poultry contact in Kampong Cham and Prey Veng provinces, Cambodia from January 2006 to December 2007.

‡<p><i>X</i>² or Fishers exact test p-value adjusted for gender.</p

Additional file 1: of Detection of a novel astrovirus from a black-naped monarch (Hypothymis azurea) in Cambodia

Supplementary Information. Protocols and primers used for screening bird samples. (PDF 74 kb

Changes in source of avian influenza information in Kampong Cham and Prey Veng Provinces, Cambodia from January 2006 to December 2007.

†<p>2006 vs. 2007 by Province <i>X</i>² or Fishers Exact test p-value adjusted for gender.</p

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Detection of a novel astrovirus from a black-naped monarch (Hypothymis azurea) in Cambodia

Pairwise distance between avastrovirus groups. (XLSX 8 kb

Non-Human Primates Harbor Diverse Mammalian and Avian Astroviruses Including Those Associated with Human Infections

<div><p>Astroviruses (AstVs) are positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses transmitted to a wide range of hosts via the fecal-oral route. The number of AstV-infected animal hosts has rapidly expanded in recent years with many more likely to be discovered because of the advances in viral surveillance and next generation sequencing. Yet no study to date has identified human AstV genotypes in animals, although diverse AstV genotypes similar to animal-origin viruses have been found in children with diarrhea and in one instance of encephalitis. Here we provide important new evidence that non-human primates (NHP) can harbor a wide variety of mammalian and avian AstV genotypes, including those only associated with human infection. Serological analyses confirmed that >25% of the NHP tested had antibodies to human AstVs. Further, we identified a recombinant AstV with parental relationships to known human AstVs. Phylogenetic analysis suggests AstVs in NHP are on average evolutionarily much closer to AstVs from other animals than are AstVs from bats, a frequently proposed reservoir. Our studies not only demonstrate that human astroviruses can be detected in NHP but also suggest that NHP are unique in their ability to support diverse AstV genotypes, further challenging the paradigm that astrovirus infection is species-specific.</p></div

Diversity metrics illustrated graphically for a given phylogenetic tree and tip labeling.

<p>The tips of the focus community are colored blue, and represent either the monkey or bat virus population. The uncolored or red tips represent the reference community. Branches in each case are colored according to whether and how the corresponding branch lengths would be counted for the given metric. The descriptions of each metric and how they are computed are presented in Results.</p

Evidence of recombination.

<p>A cBrother analysis established the recombinant relationship between the human AstV lineage represented by sequence N.L23513 and the NHP AstV lineage represented by the sequence from BG31. Both the top and bottom panels share a common X-axis representing the position within the trimmed alignment. The top panel represents the posterior probability of ancestral assignment for the corresponding ancestral line at a given position within the alignment. The bottom panel represents the number of crossover points which occur at a given alignment position out of the 1000 samples taken from the MCMC chain.</p