Vigilancia del desarrollo infantil: estudio de intervención con enfermeros de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia

Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade de uma ação educativa em vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil, de enfermeiros que atuam na atenção primária à saúde.Métodos: estudo de intervenção do tipo antes-depois, realizado com 45 enfermeiros e 450 mães de crianças menores de 2 anos. Inicialmente, avaliaram-se as práticas e conhecimentos dos enfermeiros quanto à vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil e entrevistaram-se as mães sobre estas práticas. Em seguida, realizaram-se oficinas com enfermeiros e após quatro meses reavaliaram-se os conhecimentos dos enfermeiros e as informações maternas.Resultados: após intervenção houve aumento significativo na frequência dos seguintes aspectos: de 73% para 100%, em relação à prática dos enfermeiros em perguntar a opinião das mães sobre o desenvolvimento dos filhos; de 42% para 91%, quanto à utilização de instrumento sistematizado para avaliação; de 91% para 100%, referente à orientação às mães sobre como estimular o desenvolvimento da criança.Conclusões: a intervenção contribuiu para o aumento dos conhecimentos dos enfermeiros e implementação da vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil, evidenciando a importância desta iniciativa para a melhoria da qualidade do cuidado em saúde da criança.Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational action in child development surveillance performed by nurses working in primary health care.Methods: interventional study with a before-and-after type of design, carried out with 45 nurses and 450 mothers of children under 2 years of age. Initially, it was evaluated the practices and knowledge of nurses on child development surveillance and the mothers were interviewed about these practices. Subsequently, workshops were carried out with nurses and four months later, the knowledge of nurses and the maternal information were reevaluated.Results: after intervention there was significant increase in the frequency of the following aspects: from 73% to 100%, in relation to the practice of nurses of asking the opinion of mothers about their children's development; from 42% to 91%, regarding the use of the systematized instrument of evaluation; from 91% to 100% with respect to guidance to mothers on how to stimulate child development.Conclusions: the intervention contributed to the increase of knowledge of nurses and implementation of child development surveillance, showing the importance of this initiative to improve the quality of child health care.Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una acción educativa en vigilancia del desarrollo infantil, de los enfermeros que trabajan en la atención primaria de salud.Métodos: estudio de intervención, con diseño tipo antes y después, llevado a cabo con 45 enfermeros y 450 madres de niños menores de 2 años. Inicialmente, se evaluó las prácticas y los conocimientos de los enfermeros sobre la vigilancia del desarrollo infantil y se entrevistó a las madres sobre estas prácticas. A continuación, talleres se llevaron a cabo con los enfermeros y después de cuatro meses, se reevaluaron los conocimientos de los enfermeros e la información materna.Resultados: después de la intervención se ha producido un aumento significativo en la frecuencia de los siguientes aspectos: del 73% al 100%, con respecto a la práctica de los enfermeros de preguntar la opinión de las madres sobre el desarrollo de sus hijos; del 42% al 91%, cuanto el uso de instrumento sistematizado para la evaluación; del 91% al 100%, con respecto a la orientación a las madres sobre cómo estimular el desarrollo del niño.Conclusiones: la intervención contribuyó para aumentar el conocimiento de los enfermeros y la implementación de la vigilancia del desarrollo infantil, destacando la importancia de esta iniciativa para mejorar la calidad de la atención a la salud infantil

Evaluación de la implementación de una intervención educativa en vigilancia del desarrollo infantil con enfermeros

The objective of this study was to assess the difficulties experienced by Family Health Strategy nurses in implementing an educational intervention regarding developmental surveillance. A qualitative approach was used with the assistance of eleven nurses, who participated in developmental surveillance workshops in the context of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Data were collected from May to June 2009 and were analyzed on the basis of content analysis methodology, using the theme modality. Four thematic nuclei were identified: evaluation of the training course regarding developmental surveillance; difficult areas which hinder the application of the acquired knowledge; facilitating points provided by the course, and practice transformation based on the knowledge acquired during the training course. The study highlighted the urgency of incorporating contents that give priority to questions concerning the infants' developmental surveillance in undergraduate nursing education, as well as in the family health internship.Investigación que objetivó evaluar las dificultades y facilidades experimentadas por enfermeros de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia durante la implementación de una intervención educativa de vigilancia del desarrollo infantil. Se utilizó abordaje cualitativo, con once enfermeros participantes de talleres de capacitación en vigilancia del desarrollo en contexto de la Atención Integrada de Enfermedades Prevalentes en la Infancia. Datos recolectados entre mayo y junio de 2009, analizados según análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Fueron identificados cuatro núcleos temáticos: evaluación del Curso de Capacitación en Vigilancia del Desarrollo Infantil; Puntos de dificultad para aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos; Puntos de facilidad proporcionados por el curso y Transformación de la práctica a partir del conocimiento adquirido en la Capacitación. Se destaca el apremio por incorporar contenidos que prioricen cuestiones apuntando a la vigilancia del desarrollo infantil en la enseñanza de graduación de enfermería y en la residencia en Salud de la Familia.Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as dificuldades e facilidades enfrentadas por enfermeiros da Estratégia de Saúde da Família durante o processo de implementação de uma intervenção educativa em vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil. A abordagem utilizada foi qualitativa, com onze enfermeiros que participaram de oficinas de capacitação em vigilância do desenvolvimento no contexto da Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de maio e junho de 2009 e analisados a partir do método de análise de conteúdo, utilizando-se a modalidade temática. Foram identificados quatro núcleos temáticos: avaliação do Curso de capacitação em vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil; pontos dificultadores para aplicar os conhecimentos adquiridos; pontos facilitadores proporcionados pelo curso e transformação da prática a partir dos conhecimentos adquiridos na capacitação. Destaca-se a premência de incorporar conteúdos que priorizem questões voltadas para a vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil no ensino de graduação em enfermagem e na residência em saúde da família

A new insight into the definition of microcephaly in Zika congenital syndrome era.

This study aimed to compare the anthropometric measurements and body proportionalities of neonates born before the Zika virus epidemic with those born during this period. We compared 958 neonates born during the pre-Zika epidemic with 264 neonates born during the epidemic period. The newborns had their head circumference, weight, and length classified according to the Fenton & Kim growth chart. We considered disproportionate those individuals that presented microcephaly and adequate weight or length for sex and gestational age, and those whose head circumferences were lower than the ratio ((length / 2) + 9.5) - 2.5cm. We estimated the frequencies of Zika positivity and brain imaging findings among neonates with microcephaly born during the epidemic period, concerning the anthropometric and body proportionality parameters. Low weight and proportionate microcephaly were similar among newborns from both periods. However, the frequencies of newborns with microcephaly with a very low length and disproportionate microcephaly were higher among the neonates of the epidemic period with brain abnormalities and positive for Zika virus. We conclude that, at birth, the disproportion between head circumference and length can be an indicator of the severity of microcephaly caused by congenital Zika

Pediatric neurodevelopment by prenatal Zika virus exposure: a cross-sectional study of the Microcephaly Epidemic Research Group Cohort.

BACKGROUND: The implications of congenital Zika Virus (ZIKV) infections for pediatric neurodevelopment and behavior remain inadequately studied. The aim of this study is to investigate patterns of neurodevelopment and behavior in groups of children with differening severities of ZIKV-related microcephaly and children with prenatal ZIKV exposure in the absence of microcephaly. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study, nested in a cohort, of 274 children (aged 10-45 months) who were born during the peak and decline of the microcephaly epidemic in Northeast Brazil. Participants were evaluated between February 2017 and August 2019 at two tertiary care hospitals in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. We analyzed the children in four groups assigned based on clinical and laboratory criteria: Group 1 had severe microcephaly; Group 2 had moderate microcephaly; Group 3 had prenatal ZIKVexposure confirmed by maternal RT-PCR testing but no microcephaly; and Group 4 was a neurotypical control group. Groups were evaluated clinically for neurological abnormalities and compared using the Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children (SWYC), a neurodevelopment and behavior screening instrument validated for use in Brazil. Children with severe delays underwent further evaluation with an adapted version of the SWYC. RESULTS: Based on the SWYC screening, we observed differences between the groups for developmental milestones but not behavior. Among the 114 children with severe microcephaly of whom 98.2% presented with neurological abnormalities, 99.1% were 'at risk of development delay' according to the SWYC instrument. Among the 20 children with moderate microcephaly of whom 60% presented with neurological abnormalities, 65% were 'at risk of development delay'. For children without microcephaly, the percentages found to be 'at risk of developmental delay' were markedly lower and did not differ by prenatal ZIKV exposure status: Group 3 (N = 94), 13.8%; Group 4 (N = 46), 21.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Among children with prenatal ZIKV exposure, we found a gradient of risk of development delay according to head circumference. Children with severe microcephaly were at highest risk for delays, while normocephalic ZIKV-exposed children had similar risks to unexposed control children. We propose that ZIKV-exposed children should undergo first-line screening for neurodevelopment and behavior using the SWYC instrument. Early assessment and follow-up will enable at-risk children to be referred to a more comprehensive developmental evaluation and to multidisciplinary care management

Comparison of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Brazilian Children with Prenatal Exposure to Zika Virus, With and Without Microcephaly.

Severe brain damage associated with Zika-related microcephaly (ZRM) have been reported to result in oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD); however, it is unknown if OPD presents in children with prenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure but only mild or undetectable abnormalities. The aims of this study were: to compare the frequency and characteristics of OPD in children with ZRM and in children without microcephaly born to mothers who tested polymerase chain reaction positive (PCR+) for ZIKV during pregnancy; and to investigate the concordance of caregiver reports of OPD with the diagnosis from the clinical swallowing assessment (CSA). Between Mar/2017 and May/2018, we evaluated 116 children (n = 58 with microcephaly, n = 58 children without microcephaly born to ZIKV PCR + mothers) participating in the Microcephaly Epidemic Research Group (MERG) cohort of children born during the 2015-2016 ZIKV epidemic in Pernambuco, Brazil. To assess OPD we used: a CSA; a clinical assessment of the stomatognathic system; and a questionnaire administered to caregivers. The frequency of OPD was markedly higher in children with ZRM (79.3%) than in the exposed but normocephalic group (8.6%). The children with microcephaly also presented more frequently with anatomic and functional abnormalities in the stomatognathic system. There was a high degree of agreement between the caregiver reports of OPD and the CSA (κ = 0.92). In conclusion, our findings confirm that OPD is a feature of Congenital Zika Syndrome that primarily occurs in children with microcephaly and provide support for policies in which children are referred for rehabilitation with an OPD diagnosis based on caregiver report

Endocrine Dysfunction in Children with Zika-Related Microcephaly Who Were Born during the 2015 Epidemic in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Congenital viral infections and the occurrence of septo-optic dysplasia, which is a combination of optic nerve hypoplasia, abnormal formation of structures along the midline of the brain, and pituitary hypofunction, support the biological plausibility of endocrine dysfunction in Zika-related microcephaly. In this case series we ascertained the presence and describe endocrine dysfunction in 30 children with severe Zika-related microcephaly from the MERG Pediatric Cohort, referred for endocrinological evaluation between February and August 2019. Of the 30 children, 97% had severe microcephaly. The average age at the endocrinological consultation was 41 months and 53% were female. The most frequently observed endocrine dysfunctions comprised short stature, hypothyroidism, obesity and variants early puberty. These dysfunctions occurred alone 57% or in combination 43%. We found optic nerve hypoplasia (6/21) and corpus callosum hypoplasia (20/21). Seizure crises were reported in 86% of the children. The most common-and clinically important-endocrine dysfunctions were pubertal dysfunctions, thyroid disease, growth impairment, and obesity. These dysfunctions require careful monitoring and signal the need for endocrinological evaluation in children with Zika-related microcephaly, in order to make early diagnoses and implement appropriate treatment when necessary

Zika-related adverse outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women with rash in Pernambuco, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: While Zika virus (ZIKV) is now widely recognized as a teratogen, the frequency and full spectrum of adverse outcomes of congenital ZIKV infection remains incompletely understood. METHODS: Participants in the MERG cohort of pregnant women with rash, recruited from the surveillance system from December/2015-June/2017. Exposure definition was based on a combination of longitudinal data from molecular, serologic (IgM and IgG3) and plaque reduction neutralization tests for ZIKV. Children were evaluated by a team of clinical specialists and by transfontanelle ultrasound and were classified as having microcephaly and/or other signs/symptoms consistent with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Risks of adverse outcomes were quantified according to the relative evidence of a ZIKV infection in pregnancy. FINDINGS: 376 women had confirmed and suspected exposure to ZIKV. Among evaluable children born to these mothers, 20% presented with an adverse outcome compatible with exposure to ZIKV during pregnancy. The absolute risk of microcephaly was 2.9% (11/376), of calcifications and/or ventriculomegaly was 7.2% (13/180), of additional neurologic alterations was 5.3% (13/245), of ophthalmologic abnormalities was 7% (15/214), and of dysphagia was 1.8% (4/226). Less than 1% of the children experienced abnormalities across all of the domains simultaneously. Interpretation: Although approximately one-fifth of children with confirmed and suspected exposure to ZIKV in pregnancy presented with at least one abnormality compatible with CZS, the manifestations presented more frequently in isolation than in combination. Due to the rare nature of some outcomes and the possibility of later manifestations, large scale individual participant data meta-analysis and the long-term evaluation of children are imperative to identify the full spectrum of this syndrome and to plan actions to reduce damages