The prevalence of speech relevant frequency bilateral hearing impairment according to smoking status.

<p>Cigarette smoking was associated with speech-relevant frequency hearing impairment in the 40s, 50s, and 60s age-groups. The current smoking group had a higher prevalence of hearing impairment than the passive smoking and non-smoking groups for these age groups. In the 40s age-group, the prevalence of hearing impairment was 9.5% in the current smoking group, 4.9% in the passive smoking group and 2.3% in the non-smoking group. In the 50s age-group, the prevalence of hearing impairment was 22.1% in the current smoking group, 11.0% in the passive smoking group and 9.7% in the non-smoking group. In the 60s age-group, the prevalence of hearing impairment was 52.1% in the current smoking group, 31.2% in the passive smoking group and 30.9% in the non-smoking group. However, in the 19−29, 30s, 70s, and ≥ 80 years age-groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of hearing impairment among the three smoking status categories. Passive smoking did not significantly increase the prevalence of hearing impairment, except in the 40s age-group. In this group, passive smoking (4.9%) elevated the prevalence of hearing impairment, as compared to non-smoking (2.3%: *p = 0.0137).</p

Effect of smoking on PTA thresholds at speech-relevant frequencies.

<p>The current smoking group had significantly increased hearing threshold than the passive smoking group and the non- smoking group throughout all ages. The passive smoking group had higher hearing thresholds than the non-smoking group in 30s (8.9dB in passive smoking vs 7.5dB in non-smoking) (*p = 0.016) and 40s (13.4dB in passive smoking vs. 11.3dB in non-smoking) (*p = 0.0009) age groups and it was statistically significant.</p

The prevalence of high frequency bilateral hearing impairment according to smoking status.

<p>Smoking showed an association with high frequency bilateral hearing impairment in the 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, and 70s age-groups. The current smoking group had a higher prevalence of hearing impairment than the passive smoking group and non-smoking group in these age-groups. In the 30s age-group, the prevalence of hearing impairment was 6.2% in the current smoking group, 4.1% in the passive smoking group and 2.4% in the non-smoking group. In the 40s age-group, the prevalence of hearing impairment was 29.6% in the current smoking group, 12.3% in the passive smoking group and 8.3% in the non-smoking group. In the 50s age-group, the prevalence of hearing impairment was 47.1% in the current smoking group, 26.3% in the passive smoking group and 26.6% in the non- smoking group. In the 60s age-group, the prevalence of hearing impairment was 81.4% in the current smoking group, 59.8% in the passive smoking group and 57.4% in the non- smoking group. In the 70s age-group, the prevalence of hearing impairment was 94.4% in the current smoking group, 85.8% in the passive smoking group and 84.2% in the non- smoking group. However, in the 19−29 years and ≥ 80 years age-groups, there was no statistically significant differences in the hearing impairment prevalence among the three smoking status categories. Passive smoking elevated the prevalence of high frequency hearing impairment in the 40s age-group (*p = 0.0405). In this group, passive smoking (12.3%) elevated the prevalence of hearing loss compared to non-smoking (8.3%) (p = 0.0405). However, passive smoking did not increase the prevalence of high frequency hearing loss in other age groups.</p

Effect of smoking on PTA threshold at high frequencies.

<p>In the analysis of hearing threshold at high frequencies, hearing thresholds were elevated in the current smoking group compared to those in the passive smoking group and non- smoking group, across all ages. Additionally, the passive smoking group had significantly higher hearing thresholds than the non- smoking group in the 30s (12.4dB in the passive smoking vs 10.5dB in the non-smoking groups; *p = 0.0116) and the 40s (19.6dB in the passive smoking vs 16.4dB in the non-smoking groups; *p < 0.0001) age-groups.</p

The trend for GDM prevalence by age group.

<p>The trend for GDM prevalence by age group.</p

The adjusted ORs for the risk of GDM.

<p>^aORs were adjusted for all variables in the table.</p><p>The adjusted ORs for the risk of GDM.</p

Secular trends of risk factors for GDM among women of child-bearing age from 2007 to 2010.

<p>Data are mean±standard errors or %±standard errors. BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HTN, hypertension; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; DM, diabetes mellitus.</p><p>*Obesity was defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m².</p><p>†Obesity was defined as WC≥85cm.</p><p>Secular trends of risk factors for GDM among women of child-bearing age from 2007 to 2010.</p

The basic characteristics of the study population (2007–2010).

<p>Data are mean±standard deviation or %.</p><p>The basic characteristics of the study population (2007–2010).</p

The trend for GDM prevalence (▲) and GDM with insulin treatment among all GDM (◆).

<p>The trend for GDM prevalence (▲) and GDM with insulin treatment among all GDM (◆).</p

Spearman Correlation of Serum Progranulin and CTRP3 with Various Metabolic Parameters.

<p>CTRP-3, C1q/TNF-related protein-3; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein;HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;IL-6, interleukin-6; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein;IMT, intima-media thickness.</p