POCER 1915: Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Andrographolide, 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and Neoandrographolide from Andrographis Paniculata

In this study, a central composite design was employed to optimize the process variables, i.e., microwave power (75-175 W) and ethanol concentration (20-85%) on the yield of bioactive compound extraction from Andrographis paniculata. The regression analysis shows a good fit between the experimental data to the second-order polynomial model with a coefficient of determination (R2) value of ≈ 0.95. The optimum conditions to maximize the yield of andrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, and neoandrographolide were found at microwave power of 140 W and 85% ethanol. Experimental validation performed at the aforementioned conditions yielded AND (10.93 ± 0.053 mg/gDW), DDA (4.34 ± 0.215 mg/gDW), and NEA (5.70 ± 0.252 mg/gDW), which are comparable to those of model prediction, i.e., 10.426 mg/gDW of AND, 4.123 mg/gDW of DDA and 5.558 mg/gDW of NEA, indicating the suitability of the developed models

Extraction and identification of bioactive compounds from L. pumila

This paper presents the comparison of extraction methods between maceration extraction (ME) and ultrasonic assisted extarction (UAE) to the bioactive compounds yield (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, epigallocatechin and rutin) of Labisia pumila. A grinded dried plant material with size ranging 246.58μm to 257.72μm was performed throughout this work. The gallic acid, protoctechuic acid, epigallocatechin and rutin qualification and quantification were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled photodiode array (UPLC-PDA). Exact match between the residence time from the plant extract and external standard was found indicating a presence of these four targeted bioactive compounds. It was found that UAE method has the highest extraction yield; gallic acid (0.0293 mg GA/g DW), protocatechuic acid (0.0081 mg PCA/g DW), epigallocatechin (0.0057 mg EGC/g DW) and rutin (0.0038 mg Rutin/g DW) compared to ME. The findings in this work may serve as a useful guide to obtain a highest extraction yield of these four targeted bioactive compounds from L. pumila

POCER 1927: Microencapsulation by Spray Drying Enhanced Powder Recovery and Mangiferin Stability of Phaleria macrocarpa’s Extracts

A microencapsulation via spray-drying was evaluated for encapsulation of mangiferin extracted from Phaleria macrocarpa. The microencapsulation was performed using maltodextrin, whey protein isolate and a mixture of these components in a ratio of 9:1. The mangiferin was quantified using an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to the tunable UV detector and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UPLC TUV QTOF MS) and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array UV detector. It was found that encapsulation with maltodextrin yielded the lowest moisture content (7.3%) and yielded the highest powder yield (38.6%)

Correlation between the extraction yield of mangiferin to the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits

This paper elucidates the correlation between the yield of mangiferin extraction from Phaleria macrocarpa fruits to the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AA). Mangiferin extraction was performed using an ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) method. The effect of particle size, solvent to solid ratio, solvent type, ethanol concentration, sonication amplitude and extraction time were studied. The best UAE condition was found using a particle size of 125–250 μm, solvent to solid ratio of 40 mL/g, 40% ethanol, sonication amplitude of 60% and extraction time of 5 min, which produced 28.6 mg mangiferin/g DW, 78.7 mg GA/g DW, 263.2 mg QE/g DW and 57.2% DPPH-RSA. The regression analysis showed a significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the mangiferin yield and either TPC, TFC or AA. The finding reported in this work provides a useful method to predict the mangiferin yield based on TPC, TFC or AA, without needing the actual external standard

The Effect of Auxiliary Energy on Rhein, Kaempferol and Astragalin Extraction from Cassia Alata

This paper presents the effect of auxiliary energy on rhein, kaempferol and astragalin extraction from Cassia alata. The effect of auxiliary energy was examined by performing extraction using either the ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) or microwave assisted extraction (MAE). A dried plant material with size ranging from 125 μm to 800 μm was used throughout this work. The rhein, kaempferol and astragalin quantification and identification was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The presence of rhein, kaempferol and astragalin were identified and compared with external standards.The residence time, neutral mass and mass fragmentationpattern between the standard and plant extract are also observed. It was found that the extraction yield of rhein, kaempferol and astragalin were higher with UAE method compared to MAE method due to degradation of active component occur. The findings in this work may serve as a useful guide to select the extraction method used to maximise the yield of rhein, kaempferol and astragalin extraction from C. alata

Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content from Orthosiphon Stamineus Leaves

This paper presents a combined effect of ultrasonic assisted extraction and solvents of varying polarities on phenolic compound extraction from O. stamineus. The polyphenol content in the plant extracts was analysed using Singleton’s method and aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. The results suggest that the polyphenol extraction from O. stamineus is affected by the solvent type. The highest phenolic content of 168.8 mg GAE/g DW was obtained from ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) using 70% aqueous methanol and 70% aqueous propanol solvent. The highest total flavonoid content of 185.3 mg QE/g DW was obtained using 70% aqueous propanol. The phenolic acid and flavonoid yield increased with extraction time, however, extraction beyond 120 min or at a temperature higher than 60°C induced degradation and hence reducing extraction yield

Microencapsulation of Polyphenols from Orthosiphon stamineus Leaves Extracts using Polysaccharide and Protein

This paper presents the Orthosiphon stamineus polyphenol extraction and microencapsulation study using whey protein isolate, gum arabic and maltodextrin. Polyphenol content was analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The highest yield of rosmarinic acid (38.70 mg RA/g DW) was obtained using 70% aqueous methanol, whereas the highest yield of sinensetin (261.21 µg Sin/g DW) and eupatorin (2.71 mg Eup/g DW) was obtained using isopropanol. Aqueous solvent such as 70% ethanol provide a broader range of polarity than the pure solvent, and hence enhances a simultaneous extraction of both methoxylated and hydroxylated compounds. It was found that microwave assisted extraction is capable to perform an efficient and very fast extraction of polyphenols within 2 minutes, compared to the ultrasonic assisted extraction which require 90 minutes. Microencapsulation of polyphenols from O. stamineus using WPI, maltodextrin and gum arabic has successfully reduced polyphenol degradation during spray drying. The highest polyphenol retention of rosmarinic acid (84.25%), sinensetin (83.96%) and eupatorin (85.61%) was achieved by microencapsulation using gum arabic. The gum arabic derived microcapsule has a smooth spherical surface which enhance particle flowability

Microwave-Irradiation Induced Fast Simultaneous Extraction of Methoxylated and Hydroxylated Phenolic Compounds from Orthosiphon stamineus Leaves

A combined effect of microwave irradiation and solvent types on the phenolic compounds extraction from Orthosiphon stamineus leaves was studied. The effect of as extraction time, the microwave irradiation power and solid to solvent ratio on the extraction yield was studied. Aqueous solvent provides a broader range of polarity than the pure solvent, and hence enabled a simultaneous extraction of both methoxylated and hydroxylated phenolic compounds. It was found that the extraction time of 2 minutes, microwave irradiation power at 300W and 20:1 solvent to solid ratio yielded highest simultaneous extraction of polyphenols (i.e. rosmarinic acid 32.45 mg RA/g DW, sinensetin 261.15 ?g Sin/g DW and eupatorin 2.27 mg Eup/g DW). Result from this work may serve as a useful guide to obtain higher yield of polyphenols from O. stamineus

Orthosiphon stamineus (Java Tea)

Orthosiphon stamineus has long been used in traditional medicine in East India, Indo China, South East Asia, and tropical regions of Australia where the plant is usually found. This chapter provides a review of preclinical and clinical trials related to the diuretic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, antiproliferative, and anticancer activities of O. stamineus. In addition, toxicity and possible interactions with other drugs or supplements are outlined