Coins and Logic

We establish fun parallels between coin-weighing puzzles and knights-and-knaves puzzles.Comment: 18 pages, 2 figure

Additional file 3: of Global gene-expression profiles of intracellular survival of the BruAb2_1031 gene mutated Brucella abortus in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7 cells

Figure S2. The CFU numbers of intracellular B. abortus wild-type and mutant strains in RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 cells were infected with wild-type and each mutant strain for 1 h at MOI 100, after which a gentamicin protection assay was conducted. At the selected time points, the medium was removed and cells were washed prior to lysis; the lysate was then plated on to brucella agar. Intracellular CFU (Log10) numbers of each strain at selected time points after internalization was evaluated, which indicates the levels of intracellular survival (6 h) and replication (12 h, 24 h, and 48 h) at each time point after internalization in RAW 264.7 cells (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01). (TIF 503 kb

Additional file 6: of Global gene-expression profiles of intracellular survival of the BruAb2_1031 gene mutated Brucella abortus in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7 cells

Figure S4. Categorization by biological process of genes showing different expression levels after infection. The different expression levels in B. abortus wild-type and mutant strain infected RAW 264.7 cells were compared to uninfected cells. (a) Up-regulated genes. (b) Down regulated genes. (TIF 936 kb

Additional file 10: of Global gene-expression profiles of intracellular survival of the BruAb2_1031 gene mutated Brucella abortus in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7 cells

Table S5. The genes showing altered expression in RAW 264.7 cells after C30 mutant strain infection. The different expression levels in B. abortus C30 mutant strain infected RAW 264.7 cells were compared to wild-type infected cells. (PDF 37 kb

Additional file 5: of Global gene-expression profiles of intracellular survival of the BruAb2_1031 gene mutated Brucella abortus in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7 cells

Figure S3. Categorization by molecular function of genes showing different expression levels after infection. The different expression levels in B. abortus wild-type and mutant strain infected RAW 264.7 cells were compared to uninfected cells. (a) Up-regulated genes. (b) Down regulated genes. (TIF 922 kb

Additional file 1: of Global gene-expression profiles of intracellular survival of the BruAb2_1031 gene mutated Brucella abortus in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7 cells

Table S1. Growth of B. abortus wild-type and mutant strains at each time point. CFU was calculated using the standard curve of CFU versus optical density. (PDF 19 kb

Additional file 2: of Global gene-expression profiles of intracellular survival of the BruAb2_1031 gene mutated Brucella abortus in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7 cells

Figure S1. Characteristics of RAW 264.7 cells infected with B. abortus mutant strains. (a) Internalization was investigated using RAW 264.7 cells infected with B. abortus wild-type and mutant strains at an MOI of 100. (b), (c), (d) Product levels of NO, IL-6, and TNF-ι in RAW 264.7 cells responding to infection with each strain (MOI 100) was measured 24 h after infection. Based on the growth rate, mutant strains in this study were divided into the three groups as follow: group A of mutant strains showed more than 10% reduction in growth rate; group B of mutant strains showed similar growth rate compared to that of wild-type; group C of mutant strains showed more than 10% increment in growth rate. In this study, RNA samples from the RAW 264.7 cells infected with mutant strain (C3, C24, and C30) were subjected to microarray analysis. The product level of IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells infected with C3 and C24 mutant strains were close to or below detectable levels of the ELISA system. (TIF 939 kb

Electroconductive Feed Spacer as a Tool for Biofouling Control in a Membrane System for Water Treatment

This study investigated the application of electrical potentials to an electroconductive feed spacer (ECFS) as a tool for controlling biofouling in a lab-scale cross-flow membrane system. When the ECFS was electrically polarized for 30 min after a 24 h biofouling occurrence, 33–44% of the permeate flux was recovered without any damage to the membrane. This recovery can be explained by the effective detachment of the attached bacteria or biofilms on the membrane surface as well as the ECFC. Overall, the results of this study suggest that an ECFS with a proper electrical potential is an effective method for biofouling control in membrane systems for water treatment

Additional file 9: of Global gene-expression profiles of intracellular survival of the BruAb2_1031 gene mutated Brucella abortus in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7 cells

Table S4. The genes showing altered expression in RAW 264.7 cells after C24 mutant strain infection. The different expression levels in B. abortus C24 mutant strain infected RAW 264.7 cells were compared to wild-type infected cells. (PDF 41 kb