Truncating Mutation in the Autophagy Gene \u3cem\u3eUVRAG\u3c/em\u3e Confers Oncogenic Properties and Chemosensitivity in Colorectal Cancers

Autophagy-related factors are implicated in metabolic adaptation and cancer metastasis. However, the role of autophagy factors in cancer progression and their effect in treatment response remain largely elusive. Recent studies have shown that UVRAG, a key autophagic tumour suppressor, is mutated in common human cancers. Here we demonstrate that the cancer-related UVRAG frameshift (FS), which does not result in a null mutation, is expressed as a truncated UVRAGFS in colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI), and promotes tumorigenesis. UVRAGFS abrogates the normal functions of UVRAG, including autophagy, in a dominant-negative manner. Furthermore, expression of UVRAGFS can trigger CRC metastatic spread through Rac1 activation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, independently of autophagy. Interestingly, UVRAGFS expression renders cells more sensitive to standard chemotherapy regimen due to a DNA repair defect. These results identify UVRAG as a new MSI target gene and provide a mechanism for UVRAG participation in CRC pathogenesis and treatment response

Direct Inhibition of GSK3β by the Phosphorylated Cytoplasmic Domain of LRP6 in Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a central role in development and is also involved in a diverse array of diseases. Binding of Wnts to the coreceptors Frizzled and LRP6/5 leads to phosphorylation of PPPSPxS motifs in the LRP6/5 intracellular region and the inhibition of GSK3β bound to the scaffold protein Axin. However, it remains unknown how GSK3β is specifically inhibited upon Wnt stimulation. Here, we show that overexpression of the intracellular region of LRP6 containing a Ser/Thr rich cluster and a PPPSPxS motif impairs the activity of GSK3β in cells. Synthetic peptides containing the PPPSPxS motif strongly inhibit GSK3β in vitro only when they are phosphorylated. Microinjection of these peptides into Xenopus embryos confirms that the phosphorylated PPPSPxS motif potentiates Wnt-induced second body axis formation. In addition, we show that the Ser/Thr rich cluster of LRP6 plays an important role in LRP6 binding to GSK3β. These observations demonstrate that phosphorylated LRP6/5 both recruits and directly inhibits GSK3β using two distinct portions of its cytoplasmic sequence, and suggest a novel mechanism of activation in this signaling pathway

Viral Bcl-2-Mediated Evasion of Autophagy Aids Chronic Infection of γHerpesvirus 68

γ-herpesviruses (γHVs) have developed an interaction with their hosts wherein they establish a life-long persistent infection and are associated with the onset of various malignancies. One critical virulence factor involved in the persistency of murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) is the viral homolog of the Bcl-2 protein (vBcl-2), which has been implicated to counteract both host apoptotic responses and autophagy pathway. However, the relative significance of the two activities of vBcl-2 in viral persistent infection has yet to be elucidated. Here, by characterizing a series of loss-of-function mutants of vBcl-2, we have distinguished the vBcl-2-mediated antagonism of autophagy from the vBcl-2-mediated inhibition of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. A mutant γHV68 virus lacking the anti-autophagic activity of vBcl-2 demonstrates an impaired ability to maintain chronic infections in mice, whereas a mutant virus lacking the anti-apoptotic activity of vBcl-2 establishes chronic infections as efficiently as the wild-type virus but displays a compromised ability for ex vivo reactivation. Thus, the vBcl-2-mediated antagonism of host autophagy constitutes a novel mechanism by which γHVs confer persistent infections, further underscoring the importance of autophagy as a critical host determinant in the in vivo latency of γ-herpesviruses

Enhancer Activation, Release and Retargeting in Transcription

This dissertation, by Soohwan Oh, discusses the general mechanisms how enhancers bring target genes activation in various stimuli. Enhancers are cis-regulatory DNA sequences that can increase the transcription of its cognate target genes. Fine-tuned coordination between enhancers and promoters is a fundamental tenant of gene transcriptional control. While enhancer-promoter (E-P) looping is widely observed, the precise mechanism allowing enhancer-promoter inter-regulation via the loop remains unknown. Here we report two interesting findings of 1) enhancer activation and 2) enhancer-promoter specificity. Critical chromatin structure regulators Condensin Complex I and II exhibit an unexpected, dramatic estrogen-induced recruitment to estrogen receptor a (ER-a)-bound eRNA transcribing active enhancers in interphase breast cancer cells and play essential roles in modulating estrogen-regulated enhancer activation and coding gene transcriptional program. (see Chapter 1). In addition, we found genetic deletion or mutation of gene promoters often, surprisingly, results in a more active state of their cognate enhancers. Intriguingly, the super-active enhancers switch their promoter target, causing other genes in the same contact domain to be activated, a target switching process that we referred to as “enhancer release and retargeting” (ERR). Integrative analyses of cancer mutations, the GTEx database and disease risk loci elucidated that ERR events represent a remarkably common, if overlooked, mechanism underlying disease-associated gene activation. (see Chapter 2

Enhancer-promoter specificity in gene transcription: molecular mechanisms and disease associations.

Although often located at a distance from their target gene promoters, enhancers are the primary genomic determinants of temporal and spatial transcriptional specificity in metazoans. Since the discovery of the first enhancer element in simian virus 40, there has been substantial interest in unraveling the mechanism(s) by which enhancers communicate with their partner promoters to ensure proper gene expression. These research efforts have benefited considerably from the application of increasingly sophisticated sequencing- and imaging-based approaches in conjunction with innovative (epi)genome-editing technologies; however, despite various proposed models, the principles of enhancer-promoter interaction have still not been fully elucidated. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in the eukaryotic gene transcription field pertaining to enhancer-promoter specificity. A better understanding of the mechanistic basis of lineage- and context-dependent enhancer-promoter engagement, along with the continued identification of functional enhancers, will provide key insights into the spatiotemporal control of gene expression that can reveal therapeutic opportunities for a range of enhancer-related diseases

Optimal Length of Hybrid Metal???Semiconductor Nanorods for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

Hybrid metal???semiconductor nanostructures have been utilized as attractive model catalysts for understanding photocatalytic reactions because each geometrical factor is precisely controllable. Herein, we prepared Pt-tipped CdSe nanorods and tailored their length. The maximum hydrogen-evolution rates were obtained in the length of 15???20 nm for the single-tipped nanorods and 30 nm for the double-tipped nanorods. By means of time-resolved spectroscopic analysis and kinetic modeling, we revealed that the hydrogen-evolution rate was directly proportional to the amount of long-lived charge-transfer state dominated by the interplay between the carrier diffusion to the metal center and recombination. As the length increased, the absorption cross section increased, whereas the dissociation rate of excitons decreased. As a result, the number of carriers migrating to the metal tips was maximized with the 15???20 nm nanorods per tip. This information provides a direct guideline to design the optimal geometrical configuration of metal???semiconductor hybrid catalysts