Systematic study of the energy of vanishing flow: Role of equations of state and cross sections

We present a systematic study of the energy of vanishing flow by considering symmetric colliding nuclei (between $^{12}$C and $^{238}$U) at normalized impact parameters using variety of equations of state (with and without momentum dependent interactions) as well as different nucleon-nucleon cross sections. A perfect power law mass dependence is obtained in all the cases which passes through calculated points nicely. Further, the choice of impact parameter affects the energy of vanishing flow drastically, demanding a very accurate measurement of the impact parameter. However, the energy of vanishing flow is less sensitive towards the equation of state as well as its momentum dependence.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figure

The study of participant-spectator matter and collision dynamics in heavy-ion collisions

We present the simulations of heavy-ion collisions in terms of participant-spectator matter. We find that this matter depends crucially on the collision dynamics and history of the nucleons. The important changes in the momentum space are due to the binary nucleon-nucleon collisions experienced during the high dense phase. This was otherwise not possible with mean field alone. The collisions push the colliding nucleons into midrapidity region responsible for the formation of participant matter. This ultimately leads to thermalization in heavy-ion collisions.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure

To ascertain any differences in fetomaternal outcomes in induced and spontaneous labour among primiparous women delivering at term without an identified indication for induction

Background: The objective of the stusy was to ascertain any differences in fetomaternal outcomes in induced and spontaneous labour among primiparous women delivering at term without an identified indication for induction.Methods: This was a prospective study of 500 women with spontaneous labour and 204 women with induced labour who were delivered at 37 weeks to 40+6 weeks gestation, all without identified medical and obstetrical indications for induction.Results: Initial Bishop score in the induced group was low (≤5) in 78% compared to 46% in spontaneous group (p<0.001). Mean duration of total labour (9.1+4.42 Vs 8+4.41 hours), first stage of labour (8.5+2.3 Vs 7.4+1.6 hours) was significantly short in induced group as compared to spontaneous group (p<0.001). Induced subjects had higher incidence of caesarean delivery compared with spontaneous group (p=0.016), interestingly incidence of instrumental delivery was insignificantly higher in spontaneous group compared to induced group (7.8% vs. 3.9%, p=0.06), no difference was found regards second and third stage, duration of rupture of membranes, vaginal lacerations, 1 minute and 5 minute Apgar scores, admission to NICU and hospital stay.Conclusions: Primipara who has spontaneous onset of labour the initial mean Bishop score is more compared to the subjects who have induced labour.  The study demonstrated a significant increase in rate of caesarean section when Bishop Score was ≤5 (p=0.047). Compared to those with spontaneous labour, primiparas with induced labour are more likely to have short duration of labour specially the first stage and higher incidence of caesarean delivery.

Study of sociodemographic profile, maternal, fetal outcome in preeclamptic and eclamptic women: a prospective study

Background: Preeclampsia is pregnancy specific disease, lead to maternal, perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study is conducted to identify the socio demographic profile of subjects suffering from preeclampsia and its effect on maternal and fetal health.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology, Kamla Nehru State Hospital, Shimla, in this, 100 preeclamptic women were included. Preeclampsia was diagnosed with blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg noted for the first-time during pregnancy, after 20 wks of gestation and proteinuria. Demographic details were collected. Investigations i.e. hemogram, liver and renal function tests, coagulation profile and fundoscopy were done. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were recorded.Results: In this study, majority of the subjects were primigravida 65. In this, 11 subjects had systolic blood pressure of 140-159 mmHg and 89 subjects had systolic blood pressure of > 160 mmHg. 25 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of 90-109 mmHg and 75 subjects had diastolic blood pressure of > 110 mmHg. In this, 82 subjects had warning symptoms, mainly headache 49. 14 subjects showed hypertensive changes in fundus. Unfavorable Bishop Score, observed in 86 subjects and 78 subjects were induced after controlling blood pressure. Majority of subjects had vaginal delivery 73. Majority of the subjects had deranged liver function 61. Maternal morbidity was reported in 54 subjects. Intrauterine death reported in 14 subjects. Birth weight was < 2.5 kg was observed in 70 babies. Out of 74 live births, 53 neonates required admission in NICU and 16 neonates died in NICU.Conclusions: It may be concluded that, maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early identification of risk factors and timely intervention is the hall mark in preventing the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality

Origin of the unusual dependence of Raman D band on excitation wavelength in graphite-like materials

We have revisited the still unresolved puzzle of the dispersion of the Raman disordered-induced D band as a function of laser excitation photon energy E$_L$ in graphite-like materials. We propose that the D-mode is a combination of an optic phonon at the K-point in the Brillioun zone and an acoustic phonon whose momentum is determined uniquely by the double resonance condition. The fit of the experimental data with the double-resonance model yields the reduced effective mass of 0.025m$_{e}$ for the electron-hole pairs corresponding to the A$_{2}$ transition, in agreement with other experiments. The model can also explain the difference between $\omega_S$ and $\omega_{AS}$ for D and D$^{\star}$ modes, and predicts its dependence on the Raman excitation frequency.Comment: 4 figures in eps forma

Participant-spectator matter at the energy of vanishing flow

We aim to study the participant-spectator matter over a wide range of energies of vanish- ing flow and masses. For this, we have employed different model parameters at central and semi-central colliding geometries. A nearly mass independent nature of the participant matter has been obtained at the energy of vanishing flow. Further, participant matter can also act as an indicator to study the degree of thermalization.Comment: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nuclear Physics, Mumbai (INDIA), Vol. 54 pg. 452 (2009