Economic and Humanistic Burden of Dry Eye Disease in Europe, North America, and Asia: A Systematic Literature Review

AbstractDry eye disease (DED) is a chronic and progressive multifactorial disorder of the tears and ocular surface, which results in symptoms of discomfort and visual disturbance. The aim of this systematic literature review was to evaluate the burden of DED and its components from an economic and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) perspective, and to compare the evidence across France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, USA, Japan, and China. PubMed, Embase, and six other resources were searched for literature published from January 1998 to July 2013. Of 76 titles/abstracts reviewed on the economic burden of DED and 263 on the HRQoL burden, 12 and 20 articles, respectively, were included in the review. The available literature suggests that DED has a substantial economic burden, with indirect costs making up the largest proportion of the overall cost due to a substantial loss of work productivity. In addition, DED has a substantial negative impact on physical, and potentially psychological, function and HRQoL across the countries examined. A number of studies also indicated that HRQoL burden increases with the severity of disease. Additional data are needed, particularly in Asia, in order to gain a better understanding of the burden of DED and help inform future health care resource utilization

Economic Value of Lost Productivity Attributable to Human Papillomavirus Cancer Mortality in the United States

Objectives: To estimate years of potential life lost (YPLL) and present value of future lost productivity (PVFLP) associated with premature mortality due to HPV-attributable cancers, specifically those targeted by nonavalent HPV (9vHPV) vaccination, in the United States (US) before vaccine use.Methods: YPLL was estimated from the reported number of deaths in 2017 due to HPV-related cancers, the proportion attributable to 9vHPV-targeted types, and age- and sex-specific US life expectancy. PVFLP was estimated as the product of YPLL by age- and sex-specific probability of labor force participation, annual wage, value of non-market labor, and fringe benefits markup factor.Results: An estimated 7,085 HPV-attributable cancer deaths occurred in 2017 accounting for 154,954 YPLL, with 6,482 deaths (91%) and 141,019 YPLL (91%) attributable to 9vHPV-targeted types. The estimated PVFLP was $3.8 billion for cancer deaths attributable to 9vHPV-targeted types (84% from women). The highest productivity burden was associated with cervical cancer in women and anal and oropharyngeal cancers in men.Conclusions: HPV-attributable cancer deaths are associated with a substantial economic burden in the US, much of which could be vaccine preventable

NNRTI and other class resistance in treatment-naïve patients in North America and Western Europe [12,13].

<p>NNRTI and other class resistance in treatment-naïve patients in North America and Western Europe [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072784#B12" target="_blank">12</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072784#B13" target="_blank">13</a>].</p

US total healthcare costs of patients with HIV.

<p>Note: Right axis: mean per patient costs in 2000 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072784#B57" target="_blank">57</a>] and 2006 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072784#B58" target="_blank">58</a>]; Left axis: proportion of total healthcare costs due to hospitalizations and ARV drugs.</p

Reported prevalence of 1^st-generation NNRTI resistance in the US and European countries among treatment-naïve patients.

<p>Note: Solid and dotted lines indicate trend lines for Europe and US, respectively. References available from the author.</p

Mean per-patient healthcare costs for patients on increasing lines of treatment in US [63] and Europe [54].

<p>Mean per-patient healthcare costs for patients on increasing lines of treatment in US [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072784#B63" target="_blank">63</a>] and Europe [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0072784#B54" target="_blank">54</a>].</p