Sugar, Invertase Enzyme Activities and Invertase Gene Expression in Different Developmental Stages of Strawberry Fruits

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) and has been the focused fruit species of which an increasing number of molecular and genetic research has been conducted in recent years. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between sucrose metabolism, invertase enzyme activity and gene expression in four different fruit development periods (red, pink, green and white) of two commercially important strawberry varieties ‘Rubygem’ and ‘Fortuna’. The metabolite profiles (glucose, fructose, sucrose and total sugar content) of two varieties were discovered to be extremely similar. The highest amount of total sugar was found in red fruits, while the lowest was obtained from green fruits. Invertase represents one of the key enzymes in sucrose metabolism. The lowest invertase activity was obtained from the green fruits in ‘Rubygem’ and ‘Fortuna’ during four developmental periods. In these varieties, the amount of sucrose was found to be close to glucose and fructose and the lowest amount was detected in green period, while invertase activity was relatively high during red and pink periods and invertase gene expression was determined at high levels in both primers (St-4 and St-6) in the green period. The results of the study indicated that sugar content and invertase activity were positively correlated while enzyme activity and gene expression were negatively correlated. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.FBA-2020-12969Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the Cukurova University Scientific Research Projects (Turkey) (FBA-2020-12969) for financial support

DEVELOPMENT OF in vitro METHODS FOR REGENERATION OF STRAWBERRY 'FESTIVAL' AND 'RUBYGEM' VARIETIES (Fragaria x annanasa Duch.)

WOS: 000312573800011The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), a member of the Rosaceae, is the most important soft fruit in the world. In vitro micropropagation is an important tool for clonal multiplication and is commonly applied for induction of somaclonal variation to create genetic variability. Optimized regeneration protocols and high efficiency are also important for gene transformation for improving new cultivars. For this purpose, in this study it was aimed to optimize a regeneration protocol for 'Festival' and `Rubygem' strawberry varieties. Leaf disks and stipules from mature in vitro grown strawberry plants of 'Festival' and `Rubygem' varieties (Fragaria x annanasa Duch.) were used as explant sources. Mc Cowns Woody plants including vitamins were used as a basal medium. Different concentrations of TDZ (Thidiazuron) (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg l(-1)) and IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) (0, 0.2 and 0.4 mg l(-1)) and the efficiency of 15 days dark treatment on the regeneration from leaf disks and stipules were also tested. Our results suggested that leaf stipules, a high concentration of TDZ, AgNO3 and a dark treatment in culture medium successfully resulted in the induction of regeneration.C.U Scientific Research Projects Unit [ZF2010YL57]; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [7100041]This study financially supported the project the of C.U Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project no: ZF2010YL57) and the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK; Project no: 7100041). The authors thanked to Biotechnology Research and Experimental Center of Univesity of Cukurova, also

Physical, chemical, sorption and microbiological characteristics of fennel fruits

Fennel (Foeniculum officinale Mill. var. dulce Mill) is an annual aromatic plant of the Lamiaceae family. Its fruits are processed to obtain essential oil for use in the food industry and cosmetics. The physical parameters of the fruits, i.e. length (5.50–8.00 mm), width (1.50–2.00 mm), volume of 100 fruits (1.36 × 10−6 m3), density of 100 fruits (935.82 kg/m3), average volume of one fruit (1.36 × 10−8 m3), average equivalent diameter of one fruit (2.96 mm), angle of repose, stainless steel (from 16 to 22°), angle of repose, black steel (from 19 to 28°), angle of repose, plywood (from 18 to 24°), and their chemical parameters, i.e. moisture (13.49%), ash (6.49%), protein (18.25%), essential oil (8.38%), vegetable oil (10.52%), and total carbohydrates (51.04%) were determined for the fruits. The adsorption and desorption isotherms of the fennel fruits were obtained using the static gravimetric method at two temperatures, 20 and 40 °C. The Halsey model provided a good description of the sorption isotherms, which were of type II according to Brunauer's classification. The increase in the temperature led to a significant decrease in the monolayer moisture. The contamination on the fruit surface at three relative humidities (0.43, 0.59, and 0.76) at 20 °C was determined