ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI BAWANG MERAH DI DESA TONSEWER SELATAN KECAMATAN TOMPASO BARAT KABUPATEN MINAHASA

This study aims to analyze the income of red onion farming in Tonsewer Village, West Tompaso Sub-district, Minahasa Regency. The data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through prepared statement list while secondary data was obtained from BP3K West Tompaso Sub-district (Central Bureau of Statistics), internet and previous research. This research was conducted in South Tonsewer Village, West Tompaso Sub-district,which is a production center of red onion. Sample research method is done by purposive sampling (purposely), where the sample is obtained based on information from the respondents who have been interviewed. Data is presented in numerical and quantitative form. Variable measurement concept used is selling price and production costs. The results of this study indicate that the people of South Tonsewer Village rely on the field of agriculture especially the red onion, because it has a bright prospect in the sense worth to be cultivated (profitable). This can be indicated from the R / C ratio. Revenue Cost Ratio (R / C) is 1.77 of the calculation of revenue divided by total cost. This means that every Rp.1.00 cost incurred will get revenue amounting to Rp.1.77 Criteria R / C> 1 = the farmers of farmers on the farmers of red onion on the South Tonsewer beneficial.*lwths*

Can phoretic particles swim in two dimensions?

Artificial phoretic particles swim using self-generated gradients in chemical species (self-diffusiophoresis) or charges and currents (self-electrophoresis). These particles can be used to study the physics of collective motion in active matter and might have promising applications in bioengineering. In the case of self-diffusiophoresis, the classical physical model relies on a steady solution of the diffusion equation, from which chemical gradients, phoretic flows, and ultimately the swimming velocity may be derived. Motivated by disk-shaped particles in thin films and under confinement, we examine the extension to two dimensions. Because the two-dimensional diffusion equation lacks a steady state with the correct boundary conditions, Laplace transforms must be used to study the long-time behavior of the problem and determine the swimming velocity. For fixed chemical fluxes on the particle surface, we find that the swimming velocity ultimately always decays logarithmically in time. In the case of finite Péclet numbers, we solve the full advection-diffusion equation numerically and show that this decay can be avoided by the particle moving to regions of unconsumed reactant. Finite advection thus regularizes the two-dimensional phoretic problem.The research was supported by NSF Grants DMS-1109315 and DMS-1147523 (Madison) and by the European Union through a CIG grant (Cambridge)

Structure Of Mangrove Community On Kumo Island Tobelo Subdistrict, North Halmahera Regency

Mangroves are unique plants because they are able to survive in extreme areas with high salinity levels. Mangroves are also often referred to as tidal plants because their growth is influenced by tides. This study uses the quadrant transect line method by determining 3 observation points (stations) taking samples, and determining the condition of mangroves, the calculation of species density, species frequency, species closure, importance value index, and diversity. For environmental variables, several measurements were made, namely temperature, salinity, and type of substrate on Kumo Island. From the results of the study, it is known that mangrove species that have a high density are R.apiculata species and the highest frequency value is in the same species S.alba, while the value of diversity shows a moderate value. The temperature range on Kumo Island is around 29-30 C, as well as the salinity range of 29-30 ppt, and the dominating substrate which is muddy, causes the S.alba species to be found more than other species.Keywords: Kumo Island, Community Structure, MangroveAbstrakMangrove merupakan tumbuhan yang unik dan khas karena mampu bertahan hidup pada daerah yang ekstrim dengan kadar salinitas yang tinggi. Mangrove juga sering disebut dengan tumbuhan pasang surut karena pertumbuhanya dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut .Penelitian ini mengunakan metode line transek kuadran dengan menentukan 3 titik pengamatan (stasiun) pengambilan sempel,dan untuk mengetahui kondisi mangrove maka dilakukan perhitungan kerapatan jenis, frekuensi jenis, penutupan jenis, indeks nilai penting dan keanekaragam. Untuk variabel lingkungan dilakukan beberapa pengukuran yaitu suhu, salinitas dan tipe substrat yang ada di Pulau Kumo. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui jenis mangrove yang memiliki kerapatan tinggi yaitu jenis R.apiculata  dan untuk nilai frekuensi tertingi ada pada jenis S.alba, sedangkan untuk nilai  tutupan ada pada jenis S.alba, untuk keanekaragam menunjukan nilai yang sedang. Kisaran suhu di Pulau Kumo  yaitu sekitar 29-30 C, sama halnya dengan kisaran salinitas yaitu 29-30 ppt dan untuk substrat yang mendominasi yaitu berlumpur,hal ini menyebabpkan jenis S.alba banyak ditemukan dari pada jenis yang lain.Kata kunci: Pulau Kumo, Struktur Komonitas, Mangrov

ANALISIS TUTUPAN VEGETASI MANGROVE DI PULAU MANTEHAGE, TAMAN NASIONAL BUNAKEN, SULAWESI UTARA

Mangrove forest are typical forest growing on along coasts, river mouth saffected by tides. This study was conducted on April to September 2018 in Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi. It was aimed to evaluate vegetation cover change during the period from 1995 to 2017 and to deskrip condition of mangrove vegetation at locations where the vegetation covers were identified to have been change. Image interpretation method and ground checks were applied in the study. RGB composite results of 473 1995 Landsat-5 images, RGB 453 of Landsat-7 images in 2005 and RGB 564 of Landsat-8 images in 2017 showed the area of mangrove vegetation cover in 1995, 2005 and 2017 respectively were 1333.95 ha, 1371.53 and 1383.21 ha. There was an increase in the area of mangrove vegetation cover in 1995-2005 covering an area of 37.58 ha and in the years 2005-2017 covering an area of 11.68 ha. In total there was an additional vegetation cover change of 49,26 ha for 22 years. Result from ground check indicated that the change in vegetation covers occurred at locations subjected to sedimentation, natural recovery at previous clear-cutting areas and area of artificial plantation. The phenomenan of mangrove diebach was found in the middle part between the two mainlands of Mantehage Island.Hutan mangrove merupakan tipe hutan yang khas dan tumbuh di sepanjang pantai atau muara sungai yang dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut air laut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan April-September 2018 di Pulau Mantehage, Taman Nasional Bunaken, Sulawesi Utara dengan tujuan untuk mengevaluasi perubahan tutupan vegetasi mangrove di Pulau Mantehage dengan selang waktu 1995, 2005 dan 2017sertaMendeskripsikan kondisi vegetasi mangrove yang teridentifikasi mengalami perubahan tutupan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode interpretasi citra dan survei lapangan (Ground check). Hasil komposit RGB 473 citra Landsat-5 tahun 1995, RGB 453 citra Landsat-7 tahun 2005 dan RGB 564 citra Landsat-8 tahun 2017 menunjukkan luas tutupan vegetasi mangrove pada tahun 1995, 2005 dan 2017 secara berturut-turut adalah 1333,95 ha, 1371,53 dan 1383,21 ha. Terjadi penambahan luas tutupan vegetasi mangrove pada tahun 1995-2005 seluas 37,58 ha dan pada tahun 2005-2017 seluas 11,68 ha, jika dijumlahkan dalam kurun waktu 22 tahun terjadi penambahan luas tutupan vegetasi mangrove sebesar 49,26 ha. Hasil Ground Check di lapangan menunjukkan penambahan luas tutupan vegetasi mangrove terjadi pada lahan yang mengalami sedimentasi, lahan terbuka bekas penebangan yang mengalami pemulihan kembali dan pada lokasi tertentu yang ditanami secara artifisial. Fenomena mangrove dieback ditemukan di lokasi bagian tengah antara dua daratan Pulau Mantehage

Benefit Value of Mangrove Forest in Sarawet Village, Likupang Timur, Minahasa Utara

The purpose of this study is to: 1) identify various types of direct and indirect benefits of mangrove forests, and 2) estimate the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village. This type of research is descriptive and quantitative using survey methods. Data analysis in this study uses descriptive and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the activities of utilizing natural resources of mangrove ecosystems, while quantitative analysis is used to calculate the total economic value of mangrove ecosystems. The selection of respondents used the purposive sampling method, with a total of 76 respondents. Analysis of the total economic value for the value of direct benefits using market prices, and the value of indirect benefits using replacement costs. The results showed that the people of Sarawet Village use the mangrove forest ecosystem directly in the form of mangrove wood used as firewood and fence stakes, leaves Nipah are made with roofs, and the community carries out fishing and crab activities around mangrove waters.Analysis of the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village amounted to Rp. 6.884.344.178,-/year. The total economic value is obtained from the value of direct benefits including utilization as firewood Rp. 4,160,000,- /year; fence pegs Rp. 87.500,-/year; roof of the house Rp. 330.000,-/year; fishing Rp. 769.174.000,-/year; crab fishing is Rp. 190.320.000,-/year, and the value of indirect benefits is as a barrier to abrasion and seawater waves Rp. 5.920.272.678,-/year. The large economic value of the total mangrove forest ecosystem in Sarawet Village shows that the mangrove ecosystem provides great benefits to the community.Keywords: direct benefit value, indirect benefit value, total economic value, MangroveAbstrakThe purpose of this study is to: 1) identify various types of direct and indirect benefits of mangrove forests, and 2) estimate the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village. This type of research is descriptive and quantitative using survey methods. Data analysis in this study uses descriptive and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the activities of utilizing natural resources of mangrove ecosystems, while quantitative analysis is used to calculate the total economic value of mangrove ecosystems. The selection of respondents used the purposive sampling method, with a total of 76 respondents. Analysis of the total economic value for the value of direct benefits using market prices, and the value of indirect benefits using replacement costs. The results showed that the people of Sarawet Village use the mangrove forest ecosystem directly in the form of mangrove wood used as firewood and fence stakes, leaves Nipah are made with roofs, and the community carries out fishing and crab activities around mangrove waters.Analysis of the total economic value of the mangrove forest in Sarawet Village amounted to Rp. 6.884.344.178,-/year. The total economic value is obtained from the value of direct benefits including utilization as firewood Rp. 4,160,000,- /year; fence pegs Rp. 87.500,-/year; roof of the house Rp. 330.000,-/year; fishing Rp. 769.174.000,-/year; crab fishing is Rp. 190.320.000,-/year, and the value of indirect benefits is as a barrier to abrasion and seawater waves Rp. 5.920.272.678,-/year. The large economic value of the total mangrove forest ecosystem in Sarawet Village shows that the mangrove ecosystem provides great benefits to the community.Keywords: direct benefit value, indirect benefit value, total economic value, Mangrove

STUKTUR KOMUNITAS PADANG LAMUN DI SEKITAR DESA TOSEHO KECAMATAN OBA KOTA TIDORE KEPULAUAN

Seagrasses are flowering plants that are fully adapted to being immersed in seawater. Seagrass plants consist of rhizomes, leaves and roots. This study aims to identify the types of seagrasses and determine the structure of seagrass community. This research was conducted in July 2023 around Toseho Village, Oba Subdistrict, Tidore City Kepulaun with coordinate points on transect 1 which is 0°21'20.72 "U, 127°38'58.46 "T. on transect 2 0°21'21.78 "U, 127°38'57.32 "T and on transect 3 which is 0°21'22.86 "U, 127°38'56.14 "T. The method used in this research is quadrant line transect method. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are 6 types of seagras in Toseho Village, namely Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Halodule univervis and Sryngodium isoetifolium. From the results of data analysis, it was found that Thalassia hemprichii was the most dominating seagrass species in each of the 3 quadrant transects. Seagrass species diversity in Toseho Village has a medium level of species diversity (1 ≤H'≤3 Medium species diversity).Keywords: Seagrass, Community Structure, Toseho Village ABSTRAKLamun merupakan tumbuhan berbunga yang sepenuhnya menyesuaikan diri untuk terbenam dalam air laut. Tumbuhan lamun terdiri dari rhizome, daun dan akar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasih jenis-jenis lamun dan mengetahui struktur komunitas padang lamun. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2023 di sekitar Desa Toseho Kecamatan Oba Kota Tidore Kepulaun dengan titik kordinat pada transek 1 yaitu 0°21’20.72”U, 127°38’58.46”T. pada transek 2 0°21’21.78”U, 127°38’57.32”T dan pada transek 3 yaitu 0°21’22.86”U, 127°38’56.14”T. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode line transek kuadran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ditemukannya 6 jenis lamun di Desa Toseho yaitu Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Halodule univervis dan Sryngodium isoetifolium. Dari hasil analisi data didapatkan bahwa Thalassia hemprichii merupakan jenis lamun yang paling mendominasi di setiap 3 transek kuadran. Kenekaraman jenis lamun di Desa Toseho memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman jenis sedang (1 ≤H′ ≤ 3 Keanekaragaman spesies sedang).Kata Kunci: Seagrass, Community Structure, Toseho Villag

Community Structure of Gastropod in Seagrass Beds of Waleo Beach Waters, North Minahasa Regency

This study aims to determine the type of Gastropod and the community structure including Species Density, Relative Density, Diversity (H’), and Dominance (C). Based on observation, there is 124 individuals included in 11 species (7 genera) from 7 families (3 orders) obtained. The highest density value is 5,87 Ind/m2 by Euplica borealis, and has 35,48% of relative density. For the diversity, an index is H’ = 1,62 obtained, which is classified as low. This shows that seagrass beds in Waleo beach waters, North Minahasa Regency, there are several species obtained with abundant numbers of individuals compared to the other species, so the diversity index obtained relatively low. As for the range of dominance index is C = 0,36 to 0,44. The lowest value is in the transect number 1 while the highest in the transect number 2. This value shows that seagrass beds in Waleo beach waters, North Minahasa Regency there are no specific species that dominate in the community. Waleo beach waters, North Minahasa Regency has a temperature of about 29,3 °C illustrating the condition of the water temperature is relatively good for Gastropods' life. The salinity is 30 ‰ obtained, which is relatively good for Gastropod growth. pH obtained about 7 which is still relatively good for gastropods life.Keywords: Gastropod, Community Structure, Waleo.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi jenis-jenis Gastropoda serta mengetahui struktur komunitas termasuk: Kepadatan Spesies, Kepadatan Relatif, Keanekaragaman (H’), dan Dominansi (C). Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diperoleh 124 individu yang termasuk dalam 11 spesies (7 genera) dari 7 famili (3 ordo). Nilai kepadatan tertinggi sebesar 5,87 Ind/m2 oleh spesies Euplica borealis, dan memiliki kepadatan relatif sebesar 35,48 %. Untuk indeks keanekaragaman diperoleh sebesar H’ = 1,62 yang tergolong rendah. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa daerah padang lamun perairan pantai Waleo, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara terdapat beberapa spesies yang diperoleh dengan jumlah individu yang melimpah dibandingkan jenis lainnya, sehingga indeks keanekaragaman yang diperoleh tergolong relatif rendah. Adapun untuk kisaran indeks dominansi yang diperoleh yaitu sebesar C = 0,36 sampai dengan 0,44. Nilai terrendah terdapat pada transek 1 sedangkan nilai tertinggi terdapat pada transek 2. Nilai tersebut menunjukan bahwa di padang lamun perairan Pantai Waleo, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara tidak terdapat jenis atau spesies tertentu yang mendominasi dalam komunitas tersebut. Wilayah perairan pantai Waleo, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara memiliki suhu 29,3 °C, menggambarkan bahwa kondisi suhu perairan tergolong baik untuk kehidupan Gastropoda. Salintas yang diperoleh sebesar 30 0/00, yang masih dalam kisaran baik untuk pertumbuhan Gastropoda. Derajat keasaman (pH) yang diperoleh yaitu 7 yang masih tergolong baik untuk kehidupan Gastropoda.Kata Kunci : Gastropoda, Struktur Komunitas, Waleo