Surface charge dynamics on ferroelectric PbZr0.48Ti0.52O3 films responding to the switching bias of electric force microscope

We investigated the role of surface charges in writing and reading ferroelectric bits on an epitaxial PbZr0.48Ti0.52O3 thin film by electric force microscopy (EFM). The sign of EFM surface potential was reversed within several hundred microseconds for 10 V. For a negative bias voltage of -10 V, EFM surface potential was reversed in several milliseconds. The different time scales of the EFM surface potential reversals originate from the screening of the ferroelectric polarization charges by the surface charges which pass over two different Schottky barriers depending on the applied bias polarity.X118sciescopu

3-D self-assembly of flower-like particles via microwave irradiation for water treatment

Three-dimensional (3-D) flower-like shape (FLS) Fe 3O 4 and Fe particles were successfully synthesized using FLS precursor particles that are prepared through a facile microwave-assisted reaction. The mechanism underlying the self-assembly process and shape evolution of FLS particles was systematically investigated by changing reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time and reaction pressure. During the reaction, iron alkoxide, α-Fe 2O 3 and FeOOH nanoparticles are formed first and are subsequently transformed to 3-D hierarchical FLS particles by the self-assembly of the primary nanoparticles. Reaction temperature and pressure play critical roles in the formation of the hierarchical flower-like superstructure. There is an optimum window of the reaction temperature (∼180 °C) for the formation of 3-D FLS particles, which is attributed to the competition between the self-assembly process and growth process of the nanoparticles. Also, since FeCl 3, ethylene glycol, and urea are used together as raw materials, the appearance of FLS particles is strongly dependent on the reaction pressure. As the reaction pressure becomes larger than 1 MPa, the flake type particles become more thermodynamically favorable than the FLS particles, due to the limited decomposition of urea. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis shows that FLS particles have a large surface area (>40 m 2 g -1). Because of their high specific surface area and intrinsic reactivity, FLS particles efficiently remove sulfur ions in aqueous solution. This suggests that these flower-like particles can be promising materials to treat toxic gas such as H 2S in an environment-friendly way. © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Enhanced magnetic response of fluids using self-assembled petal-like iron oxide particles

Using self-assembled iron oxide (SAIO) particles with petal-like morphology, aqueous fluids containing magnetic particles were prepared and the effect of hierarchical particle surface on the viscoelasticity under magnetic was investigated. The fluids consisting of self-assembled iron oxide particles exhibit highly tunable viscoelasticity which is controlled by applying external magnetic field. A difference between SAIO particles and spherical particles is explained by the fact that surface features of the self-assembled particles increased the network strength between particles in the fluids. © 2010 American Institute of Physics

Socioeconomic disparities in behavioral risk factors and health outcomes by gender in the Republic of Korea

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Few studies have examined socioeconomic disparities in health and behavioral risk factors by gender in Asian countries and in South Korea, specifically. We investigated the relationship between socioeconomic position (education, income, and occupation) and subjective and acute and chronic health outcomes and behavioral risk factors by gender, and compared results from 1998 and 2005, in the Republic of Korea.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We examined data from a nationally representative stratified random sample of 4213 men and 4618 women from the 1998 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and 8289 men and 8827 women from the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using General Linear Modeling and multiple logistic regression methods.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Controlling for behavioral risk factors (smoking, drinking, obesity, exercise, and sleep), those in lower socioeconomic positions had poorer health outcomes in both self-reported acute and chronic disease and subjective measures; differences were especially pronounced among women. A socioeconomic gradient for education and income was found for both men and women for morbidity and self-reported health status, but the gradient was more pronounced in women. In 1998, the odds ratios (ORs) of higher morbidity for illiterate vs. college educated females was 5.4:1 and 1.9:1 for females in the lowest income quintile vs. the highest. The OR for education decreased in 2005 to 2.9:1 and that for income quintiles remained the same at 1.9:1. The OR of lower self-reported health status for illiterate vs. college educated females was 2.9:1 and 1.6:1 for females in the lowest income quintile vs. the highest in 1998, and 3.3:1 and 2.3:1 in 2005.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Among Korean adults, men and women in lower socioeconomic position, as denoted by education, income, and somewhat less by occupation, experience significantly higher levels of morbidity and lower self-reported health status, even after controlling for standard behavioral risk factors. Disparities were more pronounced for women than for men. Efforts to reduce health disparities in South Korea require attention to the root causes of socioeconomic inequality and gender differences in the impact of socioeconomic position on health.</p

Iron content in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) measured on different slit widths with atomic absorption spectrometry

Our objective was to know the right slit width for iron (Fe) concentration of forage sorghum, sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and also to discern which water treatment sludge (WTS) were good for ruminant's health with the feeding sorghum on the present study. The present experiment was carried out on a randomized block design with four treatments; Control, alum sludge compost, alum sludge + NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers), alum sludge compost + NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers). Sorghum hybrid was harvested, and iron content of it was analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer on background correction (BGC) mode. In order to analyze the iron (Fe) content of the sorghum with the spectrophotometer, three different slit widths conditions were used; 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 nm. Absorbance and background values were obtained during the Fe analyses with the apparatus. When the background value is small, it is preferred for some trace metals’ analyses. Both (AM/BS) ratio (mean of the absorbance values&lt;AM&gt; to the standard deviation of back ground values&lt;BS&gt;) and (AS&lt;standard deviation of the absorbance values&gt;/BS) ratio, were larger on 0.25 nm slit than those on 0.15 and 0.20 nm slit, and, from our experiment, the condition seemed better on the 0.25 nm slit for the iron analysis with the spectrophotometer. Therefore, the sorghum hybrid grown on (Alum+NPK) and on (Compost only) might be dangerous for ruminants because of their higher values than 200 mg Fe/kg DM (dry matter).Key words: Absorbance, alum sludge, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, background, forage sorghum hybrid, iron, slit

Atomic-scale combination of germanium-zinc nanofibers for structural and electrochemical evolution

Alloys are recently receiving considerable attention in the community of rechargeable batteries as possible alternatives to carbonaceous negative electrodes; however, challenges remain for the practical utilization of these materials. Herein, we report the synthesis of germanium-zinc alloy nanofibers through electrospinning and a subsequent calcination step. Evidenced by in situ transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterizations, this one-dimensional design possesses unique structures. Both germanium and zinc atoms are homogenously distributed allowing for outstanding electronic conductivity and high available capacity for lithium storage. The as-prepared materials present high rate capability (capacity of similar to 50% at 20 C compared to that at 0.2 C-rate) and cycle retention (73% at 3.0 C-rate) with a retaining capacity of 546 mAh g(-1) even after 1000 cycles. When assembled in a full cell, high energy density can be maintained during 400 cycles, which indicates that the current material has the potential to be used in a large-scale energy storage system

Electronic Structures of Porous Nanocarbons

We use large scale ab-initio calculations to describe electronic structures of graphene, graphene nanoribbons, and carbon nanotubes periodically perforated with nanopores. We disclose common features of these systems and develop a unified picture that permits us to analytically predict and systematically characterize metal-semiconductor transitions in nanocarbons with superlattices of nanopores of different sizes and types. These novel materials with highly tunable band structures have numerous potential applications in electronics, light detection, and molecular sensing.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure