Assessment of mesoscale eddy parameterizations for coarse resolution ocean models

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 1999Climate simulation with numerical oceanic models requires a proper parameterization scheme in order to represent the effects of unresolved mesoscale eddies. Even though a munber of schemes have been proposed and some have led to improvements in the simulation of the bulk climatological properties, the success of the parameterizations in representing the mesoscale eddies has not been investigated in detail. This thesis examines the role of eddies in a 105-years long basin scale eddy resolving simulation with the MIT General Circulation Model (GCM) forced by idealized wind stress and relaxation to prescribed meridional temperature; this thesis also evaluates the Fickian diffusive, the diabatic Green-Stone (GS) and the quasi-adiabatic Gent-McWilliams (GM) parameterizations in a diagnostic study and a series of coarse resolution experiments with the same model in the same configuration. The mesoscale eddies in the reference experiment provide a significant contribution to the thermal balance in limited areas of the domain associated with the upper 1000M of the boundary regions. Specifically designed diagnostic tests of the schemes show that the horizontal and vertical components of the parameterized flux are not simultaneously downgradient to the eddy heat flux. The transfer vectors are more closely aligned with the isopycnal surfaces for deeper layers, thus demonstrating the adiabatic nature of the eddy heat flux for deeper layers. The magnitude of the coefficients is estimated to be consistent with traditionally used values. However, the transfer of heat associated with timedependent motions is identified as a complicated process that cannot be fully explained with any of the local parameterization schemes considered. The eddy parameterization schemes are implemented in the coarse resolution configuration with the same model. A series of experiments exploring the schemes' parameter space demonstrate that Fickian diffusion has the least skill in the climatological simulations because it overestimates the temperature of the deep ocean and underestimates the total heat transport. The GS and GM schemes perform better in the simulation of the bulk climatological properties of the reference solution, although the GM scheme in particular produces an ocean that is consistently colder than the reference state. Comparison of the eddy heat flux divergence with the parameterized divergences for typical parameter values demonstrates that the success of the schemes in the climatological simulation is not related to the representation of the eddy heat flux but to the representation of the overall internal mixing processes.The financial support for this research was provided by ONR grant number NOOOl4- 98-1-0881, Alliance for Global Sustainability and American Automobile Manufactures Association

3D MOLECULAR FRAGMENT DESCRIPTORS FOR STRUCTURE-PROPERTY MODELING

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Genetic mechanisms of the influence of light and phototransduction on Drosophila melanogaster lifespan

The light of the visible spectrum (with wavelengths of 380-780 nm) is one of the fundamental abiotic factors to which organisms have been adapting since the start of biological evolution on the Earth. Numerous literature sources establish a connection between the duration of exposure to daylight, carcinogenesis and longevity, convincingly showing a significant reduction in the incidence of cancer in blind people, as well as in animal models. On the other hand, the stimulating nature of the effect of continuous illumination on reproductive function was noted, in particular, the effects of increasing the fecundity of females of various species are known. Increase in motor activity and, as a result, in metabolic rate and thermogenesis during permanent exposure to light also reduces the body's energy reserves and lifespan. In principle, in the context of aging, not only the exposure time, but also the age at the onset of exposure to constant illumination matter, the reverse effects are valid for the maintenance of experimental animals in the constant darkness. Over the long period of the evolution of light signal transduction systems, many mechanisms have emerged that allow to form an adequate response of the organism to illumination, modulating the highly conservative signaling cascades, including those associated with aging and lifespan (FOXO, SIRT1, NF-kB, mTOR/S6k, PPARa, etc). In this review, we consider the relationship between lifespan, photoregimens, and also the expression of the genes encoding the phototransduction cascade and the circadian oscillator elements of animal cells. In the present paper, basic transducers of light and other signals, such as the family of TRP receptors, G proteins, phospholipase C, and others, are considered in the context of aging and longevity. A relationship between the mechanisms of thermoreception, the temperature synchronization of the circadian oscillator and the life span is established in the review. Analysis of experimental data obtained from the Drosophila melano-gaster model allowed us to formulate the hypothesis of age-dependent photoresistance - a gradual decrease in the expression of genes associated with phototransduction and circadian oscillators, leading to deterioration in the ability to adapt to the photoregimen and to the increase in the rate of aging

Study to elucidate the pharmacological activity of retinalamin in a rat model of ischemic retinopathy

Over the past few years, the incidence of retinal ischemic disorders has been increasing, due to a rising prevalence of such socially burdensome diseases as diabetes and hypertension, which ultimately lead to ocular vascular pathology. The identification of new treatment options that would prevent retinal neuron death is a crucial task of modern pharmacolog

ANTI-CRISIS SOLUTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES AS A FACTOR IN IMPROVING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE

The article presents anti-crisis measures to support small and medium-sized businesses implemented by the  Government of the Russian Federation in the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper reviewed also the foreign experience  of using measures to support small and medium-sized businesses in the context of the spread of a new coronavirus infection and proposed measures to improve the effectiveness of anti-crisis programs to support small and medium-sized businesses during the spread of coronavirus infection. The authors used in this article the following research methods: analysis and generalization of Russian and foreign anti-crisis measures. The study proposed, based on this analysis, measures to improve the effectiveness of anti-crisis programs to support small  and medium-sized businesses during the spread of coronavirus infection in the Russian Federation

Assessing the Impact of RPA on the Modern Economic System

The study examines the iss ues of assessing the impact of the technology of robotization and automation of business processes on the modern economic system and on enterprises in the field of high information technologies. The hypothesis is put forward, according to which the introduction of RPA technologies can significantly reduce the costs of companies for the organization and implementation of manual labor by delegating such labor to the described technologies. The relevance of the research is due to the growing influence of RPA technologies on the business processes of companies, the structure of their costs and revenues, as well as the outstanding financial results of companies that have implemented business process automation technologies. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness and expediency of the use of robotization of business processes by domestic companies. During the analytical activity, a strong relationship was revealed between the growth of the RPA technology market and the dynamics of the financial assessment of companies related to the field of business process automation. A sociological survey was also conducted, the purpose of which was to find out the level of popularity of RPA among people, their opinions about automation technologies, confidence in such services and the desire to use the technologies under study in their own lives. The research uses general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, sociological survey, correlation analysis, as well as a systematic approach. As a result of the study, the hypothesis was confirmed, proving that modern companies should implement RPA technologies in order to withstand competition by reducing costs. The sociological survey showed that the vast majority of respondents are familiar with RPA technologies and trust them to a certain extent. A large percentage of respondents stated their readiness to use automation, which gives companies access to new horizons of opportunities due to the likely increase in people’s confidence in automation tools. Recommendations were given to domestic companies on the introduction of robotics into the business structure and the prospects for improving labor productivity at all levels of the company were described. The above measures may also be the result of changes in the company’s recruitment policy and the system of training and introduction of new personnel