André Rousseau (éd.), «Histoire de la syntaxe 1870-1940»

La revue Modèles linguistiques consacre deux volumes aux études syntaxiques allant de 1870 à 1940. Les apports qui ont contribué à l’évolution de la conception de la syntaxe y sont présentés chronologiquement et de manière détaillée. Dans le premier volume, dans la section d’ouverture «L’héritage du XIX siècle», Monique Vanneufville (pp. 15-30) nous présente Hermann Paul (1846-1921), théoricien néogrammairien allemand qui opéra une analyse physiologique en phonétique et mena une étude psychol..

Bivalence modale dans les complétives régies par des verbes épistémiques : perspective contrastive (italien/français)

1. Entrée en matière Si le subjonctif (SUBJ) en français contemporain a fait couler beaucoup d'encre, l'intérêt que l'écart de la norme suscite — ce que nous appelons le non-subjonctif (NON-SUBJ) — a été traité plus marginalement, la question du choix orientant de la part de l'énonciateur, en particulier dans l'interrogation, étant probablement l'élément le plus saillant. En italien contemporain, où le sujet mérite d'être documenté par le menu en raison de sa portée, notamment dans le domaine..

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Testamento dell'Alto Rodano

Maurice Chappaz (Losanna 1916 - Martigny 2009) è uno degli autori più importanti della letteratura della Svizzera romanda. Il Testamento dell'Alto Rodano è un inno d'amore alla propria terra. L'autore sa scrutare al di là dell'apparenza, svelando in un sottile gioco di intenti il futuro di una società diversa dalle origini. La traduzione, basata su uno studio isotopico degli arcilessemi e dei lessemi affini che caratterizzano le meditazioni del vate, adotta un approccio ermeneutico fedele all'ermetismo della prosa poetica del testo di partenza

Aspect et texte: entre phrases complexes et phrases multiples

L\u2019article analyse l\u2019aspect non seulement dans le noyau-verbe, mais aussi dans les interactions qu\u2019il \ue9tablit avec les autres \ue9l\ue9ments de la phrase complexe et en dehors d\u2019elle avec le texte. On analyse en particulier le r\uf4le de l\u2019aspect grammatical dans les \ue9nonc\ue9s hypoth\ue9tiques. On consid\ue8re \ue9galement, afin de d\ue9velopper la perspective psychom\ue9canique, les th\ue9ories de l\u2019aspect et de l\u2019anaphore (Berthonneau et Kleiber 1993, 1998) et celles qui prennent en compte l\u2019influence de l\u2019aspect sur la construction des structures discursive et temporelle (Moeschler 1998)

De la grammaire à la stylistique temporo-modale: les essais d’anthropologie historique

Les emplois du conditionnel, à savoir cette forme du non actuel ayant en discours des emplois temporels et modaux, parmi lesquels le conditionnel des historiens (Martin 1983 ; Korzen et Nølke 2001), sont examinés dans des écrits interprétant l’histoire de l’humanité. Les occurrences du conditionnel sont répertoriées selon les trois catégories du conditionnel temporel, du conditionnel d’hypothèse et du conditionnel d’altérité énonciative (Haillet 2002, 2007) dont on signale les procédés énonciatifs les plus saillants. La variété des emplois décrits relèverait aussi bien de contraintes grammaticales (Guillaume 1929, 1971, 1990) que de motivations stylistiques ad hoc

Epilogo

L'epilogo sintetizza le idee principali del volume incentrate sulle competenze strategiche e metodologiche del traduttore. Viene discusso brevemente come il traduttore sfrutti le proprie conoscenze non solo per scegliere il miglior modus operandi possibile, ma anche per risolvere alcune problematiche specifiche che il testo specializzato presenta. Nelle competenze strategiche sono comprese anche quelle di pianificazione del lavoro relative alla documentazione e alla verifica dell'affidabilit\ue0 delle risorse informatiche di supporto. Le competenze di metodo comportano piuttosto un buon talento redazionale che si fonda sull'esplorazione di testi-modello filtrati statisticamente dal punto di vista terminologico. Esistono tuttavia situazioni in cui il traduttore non trae vantaggio dall'uso di corpus di riferimento ragionati: il contesto ha ripercussioni determinanti sulla resa, mentre la stilistica dell\u2019autore domina in maniera pi\uf9 o meno considerevole la scelta della fraseologia del testo d'arrivo

Traduire le texte litt\ue9raire, ou comment transposer la vari\ue9t\ue9 diatopique

La r\ue9alit\ue9 linguistico-g\ue9ographique italienne avec sa richesse de dialectes pr\ue9sente des divergences remarquables avec la France, o\uf9 le code unique est con\ue7u comme la preuve d\u2019une homog\ue9n\ue9isation sociale, malgr\ue9 la survie de quelques vari\ue9t\ue9s locales. En raison de ce manque de parall\ue9lismes sociolinguistiques, la traduction de la vari\ue9t\ue9 diatopique dans le texte litt\ue9raire impose des strat\ue9gies cibl\ue9es: l'enjeu est de franchir ou non le seuil de la diversit\ue9 en termes culturels. L'analyse des traductions des romans noirs d'Andrea Camilleri (L'et\ue0 del dubbio, 2008) et de Carlo Emilio Gadda (Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana, 1957), o\uf9 le r\uf4le du dialecte est aussi d\ue9licat que l'intrigue, d\ue9tecte deux types de d\ue9marches: d'une part la traduction frontali\ue8re, ax\ue9e sur l'ouverture \ue0 l'Autre, qui valorise le rapport \ue9motif avec la langue-culture de d\ue9part, d'autre part la traduction transfrontali\ue8re d'ordre ethnocentrique qui privil\ue9gie la langue-culture d'arriv\ue9e et qui comporte aussi bien une technique homologue (vari\ue9t\ue9 diatopique TD - vari\ue9t\ue9 diatopique TA) qu'une technique compensatoire (vari\ue9t\ue9 diatopique TD - vari\ue9t\ue9 diastratique TA). Ces m\ue9thodes r\ue9v\ue8lent l'importance variable de la restitution la meilleure des registres connotatifs, car l'effort est souvent concentr\ue9 sur l'effet compensatoire que l'on doit produire avec pr\ue9caution

De la terminologie id\ue9ologique: entre logiciels et propri\ue9t\ue9 intellectuelle

Le pr\ue9sent article analyse l\u2019univers du logiciel libre du point de vue terminologique en essayant de comprendre la port\ue9e id\ue9ologique des notions v\ue9hicul\ue9es par les termes cl\ue9s de cette \ue9conomie. Par le biais de Stallman et Raymond, des n\ue9onymies n\u2019ont cess\ue9 de voir le jour afin de d\ue9noter les mod\ue8les de d\ue9veloppement promus par FLOSS (free/libre open source software) et de d\ue9crire les principes partag\ue9s. Cath\ue9drale, bazar et d\u2019autres termes sp\ue9cialis\ue9s d\u2019appoint figurent dans des textes en ligne ouverts aux contributions des usagers