Toddler temperament and prenatal exposure to lead and maternal depression

Background: Temperament is a psychological construct that reflects both personality and an infant’s reaction to social stimuli. It can be assessed early in life and is stable over time Temperament predicts many later life behaviors and illnesses, including impulsivity, emotional regulation and obesity. Early life exposure to neurotoxicants often results in developmental deficits in attention, social function, and IQ, but environmental predictors of infant temperament are largely unknown. We propose that prenatal exposure to both chemical and non-chemical environmental toxicants impacts the development of temperament, which can itself be used as a marker of risk for maladaptive neurobehavior in later life. In this study, we assessed associations among prenatal and early life exposure to lead, mercury, poverty, maternal depression and toddler temperament. Methods: A prospective cohort of women living in the Mexico City area were followed longitudinally beginning in the second trimester of pregnancy. Prenatal exposure to lead (blood, bone), mercury, and maternal depression were assessed repeatedly and the Toddler Temperament Scale (TTS) was completed when the child was 24 months old. The association between each measure of prenatal exposure and performance on individual TTS subscales was evaluated by multivariable linear regression. Latent profile analysis was used to classify subjects by TTS performance. Multinomial regression models were used to estimate the prospective association between prenatal exposures and TTS performance. Results: 500 mother-child pairs completed the TTS and had complete data on exposures and covariates. Three latent profiles were identified and categorized as predominantly difficult, intermediate, or easy temperament. Prenatal exposure to maternal depression predicted increasing probability of difficult toddler temperament. Maternal bone lead, a marker of cumulative exposure, also predicted difficult temperament. Prenatal lead exposure modified this association, suggesting that joint exposure in pregnancy to both was most toxic. Conclusions: Maternal depression predicts difficult temperament and concurrent prenatal exposure to maternal depression and lead predicts a more difficult temperament phenotype in 2 year olds. The role of temperament as an intermediate variable in the path from prenatal exposures to neurobehavioral deficits and other health effects deserves further study

Association between the plasma/whole blood lead ratio and history of spontaneous abortion: a nested cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Blood lead has been associated with an elevated risk of miscarriage. The plasmatic fraction of lead represents the toxicologically active fraction of lead. Women with a tendency to have a higher plasma/whole blood Pb ratio could tend towards an elevated risk of miscarriage due to a higher plasma Pb for a given whole blood Pb and would consequently have a history of spontaneous abortion.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We studied 207 pregnant Mexico City residents during the 1^sttrimester of pregnancy, originally recruited for two cohorts between 1997 and 2004. Criteria for inclusion in this study were having had at least one previous pregnancy, and having valid plasma and blood Pb measurements. Pb was measured in whole blood and plasma by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using ultra-clean techniques. History of miscarriage in previous pregnancies was obtained by interview. The incidence rate of spontaneous abortion was defined as the proportion of previous pregnancies that resulted in miscarriage. Data were analyzed by means of Poisson regression models featuring the incidence rate of spontaneous abortion as the outcome and continuous or categorized plasma/blood Pb ratios as predictor variables. All models were adjusted for age and schooling. Additionally, logistic regression models featuring inclusion in the study sample as the outcome were fitted to assess potential selection bias.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean number of miscarriages was 0.42 (range 0 to 4); mean Pb concentrations were 62.4 and 0.14 μg/L in whole blood and plasma respectively. Mean plasma/blood Pb ratio was 0.22%. We estimated that a 0.1% increment in the plasma/blood Pb ratio lead was associated to a 12% greater incidence of spontaneous abortion (p = 0.02). Women in the upper tertile of the plasma/blood Pb ratio had twice the incidence rate of those in the lower tertile (p = 0.02). Conditional on recruitment cohort, inclusion in the study sample was unrelated to observable characteristics such as number of abortions, number of pregnancies, blood Pb levels, age schooling, weight and height.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Women with a large plasma/whole blood Pb ratio may be at higher risk of miscarriage, which could be due to a greater availability of placental barrier-crossing Pb.</p

Consumo de alimentos y asma en niños escolares de Cuernavaca Food consumption and asthma in school children in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

OBJETIVO:Evaluar la relación entre la dieta y el desarrollo de asma y rinitis alérgica en escolares de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se aplicó el cuestionario ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) a 5 460 niños de entre 6 a 8 y 11 a 14 años de edad, de nivel primaria, seleccionados de manera aleatoria. Se formaron seis grupos de alimentos a partir de un análisis de clusters jerárquico y se evaluó la relación con los padecimientos a través de modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS:El consumo de comida rápida tuvo un efecto adverso sobre la sibilancia actual (RM=1.82; IC95%=1.16-2.87) y el consumo de golosinas sobre más de tres episodios de sibilancia (RM=2.26; IC95%=1.04-4.95) y síntomas nasales sin gripa o catarro (RM=1.35; IC95%=1.06-1.71). CONCLUSIONES:Este estudio provee evidencia de que la dieta juega un papel muy importante, ya que el consumo abundante de comida rápida y golosinas incrementa el riesgo de asma y rinitis.<br>OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the relation between diet and the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We apply the ISAAC's questionnaire in 5460 schoolchildren from 6 to 8 and 11-14-year-old of elementary level selected in random form. Six groups of food were formed using a hierarchic clusters analysis and the association was evaluated using logistic regression models. RESULTS:The consumption of fast food had an adverse effect for current wheezing (OR=1.82; CI95%=1.16-2.87) and the consumption of tidbits for more than three episodes of wheezing (OR=2.26; CI95%=1.04-4.95) and nasal symptoms without cold, OR=1.35 (IC95%;1.06-1.71). CONCLUSIONS:This study provides evidence that the diet plays a very important role since the high consumption of fast food and tidbits increased the risk of asthma and rhinitis symptoms

Exposición al plomo y su relación con el tiempo requerido para embarazo

Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de la exposición al plomo relacionados con el tiempo requerido para embarazo. Material y métodos. Entre 1997 y 2001 se realizó un estudio en 142 mujeres residentes en la Ciudad de México, participantes en un estudio de cohorte para evaluar diversos efectos del plomo sobre la salud reproductiva. Se realizaron mediciones de plomo en sangre y en hueso a cada una de las participantes en el momento de ingresar al estudio, y se obtuvo información relativa a la exposición y otras variables de interés a través de un cuestionario. A cada una de las participantes se les siguió hasta el momento en que se embarazaron, o bien, hasta el tiempo de término del estudio, con el propósito de determinar la asociación entre la exposición al plomo y el tiempo requerido para quedar embarazada. El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo utilizando curvas de Kaplan-Meier y modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados. Del total de mujeres que iniciaron el estudio se embarazaron 42, de las cuales 34 lo lograron antes del primer año de seguimiento y ocho posteriormente. Las medias de las concentraciones de plomo en sangre fueron de 9.3 mg/dl; en rótula y tibia fueron de 16.0 y 11.0 mg Pb/g de hueso mineral, respectivamente. No se detectaron diferencias en los niveles de plomo en sangre respecto al tiempo que durante el estudio requirió la mujer para embarazarse en el primer año; no obstante, se encontró que en las mujeres con plomo en sangre por encima de 10 mg/dl el riesgo de no embarazo fue cinco veces mayor [IC 95% (1.9-19.1)] después de un año de seguimiento, comparado con aquellas mujeres con plomo en sangre por debajo de 10 mg/dl. Conclusiones. La exposición a concentraciones altas de plomo puede ser un factor de riesgo importante en el tiempo requerido para que una mujer quede embarazada, principalmente en aquellas que siendo fértiles tienen periodos mayores de un año buscando un embarazo. Este artículo también está disponible en: http://www.insp.mx/salud/ index.htm

High dietary calcium intake decreases bone mobilization during pregnancy in humans Alto consumo de calcio en la dieta, disminuye la movilización ósea durante el embarazo en seres humanos

Calcium metabolism of the mother is modified during pregnancy because of the mineralization of the fetus skeleton. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of calcium intake and bone demineralization during pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: At each trimester of pregnancy a validated food frequency intake questionnaire was administered to assess individual daily calcium intake in a cohort of 206 pregnant women, residents of Mexico City. Samples of urine were collected to measure levels of the cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx), which is a biomarker of bone resorption. The association between calcium ingestion and bone resorption was analyzed using random effects models; non-linear associations were explored using generalized additive models. RESULTS: Progressive increases in NTx levels were observed during pregnancy; with mean and standard deviation (SD) values during the first, second and third trimester of 76.50 (SD=38), 101.02 (SD=48.86) and 144.83 (SD=61.33) nmol BCE/mmol creatinine, respectively. Higher dietary calcium intake was associated with lower bone resorption (&#946;=-0.015; pEl metabolismo de calcio es modificado durante el embarazo debido a la mineralización del esqueleto del feto. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre la ingesta de calcio y la desmineralización ósea durante el embarazo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se administró un Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de alimentos en cada trimestre del embarazo para evaluar el consumo de calcio en una cohorte de 206 mujeres residentes de la Ciudad de México. Se recolectaron muestras de orina para medir los niveles de N-telopéptido de colágeno tipo I (NTx), biomarcador de resorción. Se hicieron modelos de efectos aleatorios; se estudiaron asociaciones no lineales utilizando modelos aditivos generalizados. RESULTADOS: Se observó aumento progresivo en los niveles de NTx durante el embarazo. El mayor consumo de calcio se asoció con una menor resorción ósea (&#946;=- 0.015, p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que la ingestión de calcio reduce la resorción ósea en el embarazo

Exposición al plomo y su relación con el tiempo requerido para embarazo

OBJETIVO: Determinar los efectos de la exposición al plomo relacionados con el tiempo requerido para embarazo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Entre 1997 y 2001 se realizó un estudio en 142 mujeres residentes en la Ciudad de México, participantes en un estudio de cohorte para evaluar diversos efectos del plomo sobre la salud reproductiva. Se realizaron mediciones de plomo en sangre y en hueso a cada una de las participantes en el momento de ingresar al estudio, y se obtuvo información relativa a la exposición y otras variables de interés a través de un cuestionario. A cada una de las participantes se les siguió hasta el momento en que se embarazaron, o bien, hasta el tiempo de término del estudio, con el propósito de determinar la asociación entre la exposición al plomo y el tiempo requerido para quedar embarazada. El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo utilizando curvas de Kaplan-Meier y modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. RESULTADOS: Del total de mujeres que iniciaron el estudio se embarazaron 42, de las cuales 34 lo lograron antes del primer año de seguimiento y ocho posteriormente. Las medias de las concentraciones de plomo en sangre fueron de 9.3 µg/dl; en rótula y tibia fueron de 16.0 y 11.0 µg Pb/g de hueso mineral, respectivamente. No se detectaron diferencias en los niveles de plomo en sangre respecto al tiempo que durante el estudio requirió la mujer para embarazarse en el primer año; no obstante, se encontró que en las mujeres con plomo en sangre por encima de 10 µg/dl el riesgo de no embarazo fue cinco veces mayor [IC 95% (1.9-19.1)] después de un año de seguimiento, comparado con aquellas mujeres con plomo en sangre por debajo de 10 µg/dl. CONCLUSIONES: La exposición a concentraciones altas de plomo puede ser un factor de riesgo importante en el tiempo requerido para que una mujer quede embarazada, principalmente en aquellas que siendo fértiles tienen periodos mayores de un año buscando un embarazo

Fluoride exposure and pubertal development in children living in Mexico City

Abstract Background Previous animal and ecological studies have provided evidence for an earlier sexual maturation in females in relation to fluoride exposure; however, no epidemiological studies have examined the association between fluoride exposure and pubertal development in both boys and girls using individual-level biomarkers of fluoride. Capitalizing on an ongoing Mexican birth cohort study, we examined the association between concurrent urinary fluoride levels and physical markers of pubertal development in children. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 157 boys and 176 girls at age 10–17 years living in Mexico City. We used ion-selective electrode-based diffusion methods to assess fluoride levels in urine, adjusting for urinary specific gravity. Pubertal stages were evaluated by a trained physician. Associations of fluoride with pubertal stages and age at menarche were studied using ordinal regression and Cox proportional-hazard regression, respectively. Results In the entire sample, the geometric mean and interquartile range (IQR) of urinary fluoride (specific gravity adjusted) were 0.59 mg/L and 0.31 mg/L, respectively. In boys, our analysis showed that a one-IQR increase in urinary fluoride was associated with later pubic hair growth (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51–0.98, p = 0.03) and genital development (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53–0.95, p = 0.02). No significant associations were found in girls, although the direction was negative. Conclusions Childhood fluoride exposure, at the levels observed in our study, was associated with later pubertal development among Mexican boys at age 10–17 years. Further research is needed to confirm these findings

Dietary Intake of Selenium in Relation to Pubertal Development in Mexican Children

Alterations in pubertal timing have been associated with long-term health outcomes. While a few reports have shown that dietary intake of selenium is associated with fertility and testosterone levels in men, no human studies have considered the association between selenium and pubertal development in children. We examined the cross-sectional association of childhood dietary intake of selenium with pubertal development among 274 girls and 245 boys aged 10&ndash;18 years in Mexico City. Multiple logistic and ordinal regression models were used to capture the association between energy-adjusted selenium intake (below Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) vs. above RDA) and stages of sexual maturity in children, adjusted for covariates. We found that boys with consumption of selenium below the RDA had lower odds of a higher stage for pubic hair growth (odds ratio (OR) = 0.51, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.27&ndash;0.97) and genital development (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.28&ndash;0.99) as well as a lower probability of having matured testicular volume (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15&ndash;0.88) compared with boys who had adequate daily dietary intake of selenium (above RDA). No associations were found in girls. According to our results, it is possible that inadequate consumption of selenium may be associated with later pubertal development in boys, suggesting a sex-specific pattern. Future work with a larger sample size and measures of selenium biomarkers is needed to confirm our findings and improve understanding of the role of this mineral in children&rsquo;s sexual development

Adolescent epigenetic profiles and environmental exposures from early life through peri-adolescence

Abstract Epigenetic perturbations induced by environmental exposures at susceptible lifestages contribute to disease development. Even so, the influence of early life and ongoing exposures on the adolescent epigenome is rarely examined. We examined the association of exposure biomarkers for lead (Pb), bisphenol A (BPA), and nine phthalates metabolites with blood leukocyte DNA methylation at LINE-1 repetitive elements and environmentally responsive genes ( IGF2 , H19 , and HSD11B2 ) in peri-adolescents. Participants ( n = 247) from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) birth cohorts were followed-up once between the ages of 8 and 14 years, and concurrent exposures were measured in biospecimen collected at that time (blood Pb, urinary BPA, and phthalate metabolites). Prenatal and childhood exposures to Pb were previously approximated using maternal and child samples. BPA and phthalate metabolites were measured in third trimester maternal urine samples. Significant associations ( P < 0.05) were observed between DNA methylation and exposure biomarkers that were gene and biomarker specific. For example, Pb was only associated with LINE-1 hypomethylation during pregnancy ( P = 0.04), while early childhood Pb was instead associated with H19 hypermethylation ( P = 0.04). Concurrent urinary mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) was associated with HSD11B2 hypermethylation ( P = 0.005). Sex-specific associations, particularly among males, were also observed. In addition to single exposure models, principal component analysis was employed to examine exposure mixtures. This method largely corroborated the findings of the single exposure models. This study along with others in the field suggests that environment-epigenetic relationships vary by chemical, exposure timing, and sex