МЕХАНИЗМЫ ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УСКОЛЬЗАНИЯ ВИРУСА ГЕПАТИТА В

The high prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in population occurs mainly due to numerous mechanisms formed in the process of the virus evolution, contributing to its survival under immunological pressure. The review presents the most complete systematization and classification of various HBV protective mechanisms basing on their influence on different parts of congenital and adaptive immune response. The analysis of literature data allows for the conclusion that two basic principles underlie the mechanisms: the strategy of the «stealth virus» (virus’s escape from recognition by the immune system) and strategy of immunosuppression. The stealth virus strategy is performed as follows: special strategy of the HBV replication which prevents the recognition by the receptors of congenital immune system; occurrence of the vaccine escape mutants; isolation of the virus in host cells and tissues providing its inaccessibility to T-cells along with hyperproduction of subviral particles as traps for specific antibodies. The core principle of the immunosuppression implemented in hepatitis B therapy is based on the phenomenon of the viral apoptotic mimicry. The result of this interaction strategy is dysfunction of NK and NKT-cells, inactivation of dendritic cell functions, and suppression of the adaptive immune response. The review demonstrates that interaction between HBV and the immune system of the macro organism is in some kind of «dynamic equilibrium» depending on numerous factors. Specific molecular targets of the viral impact are described. We propose to expand the research on the influence of the host’s genetic factors on the development of congenital and adaptive immune response against HBV, especially during the real infectious process which results in the improvement of approaches to the therapy by developing personalized treatment methods.Высокая распространенность вируса гепатита В (HBV) среди населения во многом обусловлена многочисленными механизмами, сформированными в ходе эволюции этого вируса, способствующими его выживанию в условиях иммунологического прессинга. В обзоре представлены наиболее полная систематизация и классификация разнообразных защитных механизмов HBV с точки зрения их воздействия на различные звенья врожденного и адаптивного иммунного ответа. Анализ литературных данных позволяет сделать заключение, что в основе всех этих механизмов заложено два базовых принципа ― стратегия «вируса-невидимки» (уход вируса от распознавания иммунной системой) и стратегия иммуносупрессии. Тип взаимодействия вируса с иммунной системой, называемый стратегией «вируса-невидимки», осуществляется следующими способами: особая стратегия репликации HBV, препятствующая распознаванию рецепторами системы врожденного иммунитета, — появление мутантов вакцинального ускользания; изоляция вируса в клетках и тканях организма-хозяина, обеспечивающая его недоступность для Т-клеток, а также гиперпродукция субвирусных частиц в качестве ловушек для специфичных антител. Базовый принцип стратегии иммуносупрессии, реализуемый в случае HBV, основан, по мнению авторов, преимущественно на явлении вирусной апоптотической мимикрии. Результатом данной стратегии взаимодействия являются дисфункция NK- и NKT-клеток, инактивация функций дендритных клеток и угнетение системы адаптивного иммунного ответа. В обзоре показано, что взаимодействие между HBV и иммунной системой макроорганизма находится в некоем «динамическом равновесии», зависящем от разнообразных факторов. Описаны конкретные молекулярные мишени вирусного воздействия. Предлагается расширить исследования о влиянии генетических факторов хозяина на развитие врожденного и адаптивного иммунного ответа против HBV, особенно при изучении реального инфекционного процесса, что позволит усовершенствовать подходы к терапии гепатита В в направлении разработки методов персонализированной медицины

Characters of Modern Animated Series in Games and Toys of Preschool Children

The paper presents a comparative research on how preschool children play with various modern cartoon character toys. Three popular animated series were used in the research: "Winx", "SpiderMan" and "Pettson and Findus". One series of each was previously analysed in terms of microplots, descriptions of the main characters and their actions etc. The children watched the series, one at a time, and were then invited to play with its character toys. The outcomes of the research indicate that the series with plots and characters appropriate for preschool age (such as "Pettson and Findus") promote longer and richer periods of play activity as compared to the series addressed to children of older age. Children tend to take the role of the main character more frequently if s/he is of about the same age (irrespective of sex); they reproduce familiar and clear plots and engage themselves in longer periods of meaningful play. The outcomes also show that the effect of the animated series on the children's play depends on the quality and content of the animations, on their correspondence with the specifics of preschool age as well as on the quality of the character toy

Role of play in child’s life and development: New approach to the rights of the child

The article introduces the readers to the UN general comments on article 31 of Convention on the Rights of the Child, made by IPA (International Play Association), which proclaims the children’s right to play. This Association sets a goal to unite the efforts of experts to enact the value of play and to investigate the state of child play across the world. The article presents the main statements concerning the nature of play and its meaning in the way they are conceived by representatives of International Play Association. The article also includes the text of amendments to article 31 of Convention on the Rights of the Child

Near-Earth Asteroids as Possible Parent Bodies of Meteor Streams

The genetic relationship of meteor streams with near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) is being actively studied. A genetic link with the asteroid is possible only for streams in which meteoroids have the geocentric speed smaller than 50 km/s, thereby meaning the proportionality of their orbits with the orbits of asteroids. To date, there are about 40 such orphan streams with unknown parent bodies. In the paper, NEA groups (Aten, Apollo, Amor, and Atira) have been considered from the perspective of possible search for the parent bodies of meteor streams among them. The groups have been compared based on the following parameters: eccentricity of asteroid orbits, as well as size and chemical composition of asteroids. Currently, it is considered that the surface of asteroids with elongated orbits is subjected to temperature fall: it is heated in perihelion and cooled in aphelion. Due to small orbital periods around the Sun (about 2–4 years), this may lead to formation of meteoroid clusters. Therefore, comparison of asteroids by their orbit shape and physicochemical parameters enables us to distinguish between NEA groups of asteroids and the Apollo group as most probable candidates to search for the parent bodies of meteor streams among NEAs. Unfortunately, finding physicochemical parameters poses great difficulties, since they are only detectable for some asteroids. At the same time, it is impossible to study asteroids dynamics, evolution, and relation with other bodies of the Solar system, as well as to realistically assess the impact of NEAs and products of their disintegration collision with the Earth and to develop systems of anti-asteroid protection without knowing the following parameters of asteroids: mineralogical composition, density, size, and accurate mass

Adventure Playground as an Example of the Child’s Right to Play

We analyze the history of creation, structure and psychological foundations of adventure playgrounds, which appeared and became widespread in Europe during the second half of the XX century. Adventure playground is an example of realization of children’s rights enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, especially in Article 31. Adventure playgrounds are designed by experts, parents, teachers, sharing the ideas of civil society and seeking new ways to support the initiative, independence of children and adolescents. At an adventure playground, modern urban children and adolescents have the opportunity to realize their intentions, and try to explore their capabilities in a joint productive activity with peers. In this article, adventure playgrounds are considered as one of the ways to facilitate public urban space to play and socialize. Adventure playground serves as a social-psychological-pedagogical center and has great potential for all age groups. We provide specific examples of the structure and activity on adventure playgrounds existing in the UK and Germany. Separately we discuss the contribution of professionals working at these sites (playworker)

ON THE ISSUE OF INSTITUTIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TEACHER'S TRAINING

The paper attempts to outline some approaches to creating an organisational and theoretical and methodological basis of training teachers of the tomorrow world. The foundation of his/her professional training should be not only a subject specialisation. The focus in the teacher's training is on some essential questions of three fundamental elements in their harmonic unity: intellectual, aesthetic and moral. According to the authors, the school of the 21st century will need a teacher-anthropologist who is willing to work in the conditions when the upbringing has the truly regent function in the conditions of the globalising, rapidly changing world. One of the principal requirements for the teacher of the school of the 21st century is to care about the child's progress, about the comprehensive implementation of his/her potencies. A teacher whose good pedagogical training is combined with fundamental education and a skill of accompanying the child in his/her ascension to the apex of his/her personal progress. (C) 2017 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.U

Approaches to the notion of a play in contemporary foreign psychology

The article introduces the definitions of a play and approaches to its understanding. On the basis of data obtained in several foreign studies the different criteria of play and such approaches to it as cognitive, narrative and socio-evolutionary are examined. The article provides the special analysis of terminological and contentual difficulties in search of play criteria and definition

The Importance of Taking Risks: A Report on the Conference

The paper gives an overview of the 14th interdisciplinary conference The Importance of Taking Risks held by the Welsh branch of the International Play Association. The meeting focused on various aspects of supporting children’s play and on the role of risk in child development. The conference had a clear multidis- ciplinary character and brought together specialists from a variety of fields: psychologists, teachers, social workers, experts in risk assessment, and health care professionals. The paper outlines how risk is understood in modern western theory and practice and distinguishes between risk and danger. A child must be taught to assess situations as safe or dangerous. However, modern developmental environment tends to reduce the possibility of risks for the child, which deprives him/her of the natural means of learning about the world and reduces creativity and independence and holds back the child’s self-regulation, prolonging compelled dependence and making children more infantile. The conference also involved discussions concerning tech- niques for risk assessment and a number of prevention programmes and practices. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (project No 15-06-10627 “Psychological and pedagogical analysis of children’s play environment of the modern city”)

Multifactorial Method of Search for Small Bodies in Close Orbits

© 2020, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Abstract: The results of the search for Apollo, Amor, and Aten asteroids with the orbits close to those of meteoroids of the δ-Cancrids meteor complex (code DCA), which consists of the northern (code NCC) and southern (code SCC) branches, are presented. The search for small bodies in close orbits was performed on the basis of a multifactorial method of combining several criteria: Drummond orbital similarity criterion, Kholshevnikov metric, and parameters of the dynamic evolution of the orbits using two catalogs of meteor orbits (Japan Meteor Society, SonatoCo, and CAMS Meteoroid Orbit Database v2.0, CAMS) obtained from television observations. Asteroids in close orbits with the meteoroid orbits of the northern NCC and southern SCC branches of the δ-Cancrids are identified only in the Apollo group. The following asteroids are common for the NCC and SCC branches: 2015 PU228, 2014 YQ34, 2017 YO4 (according to the CAMS orbit catalog); Hephaistos 1978 SB, 2003 RW11, 2006 BF56, 2011 SR12, 2014 RS17, 2001 YB5 (SonatoCo catalog). The asteroid 85182 (1991 AQ) is identified only with the northern NCC branch but in two catalogs of meteor orbits