Hard dental tissues condition in 9-14-year-old schoolchildren with different educational load

According to the data, provided by the current literature, there is no evidence confirming the impact of different educational load on the oral health of schoolchildren. That is why the aim of our research was to study hard dental tissues condition in schoolchildren with different educational load. Materials and methods: The research was carried out in classes with different educational load. The authors examined 70 9 – 14-year-old children without somatic diseases

THE PECULIARITIES OF CALCIUM-PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN YOUNG CHILDREN

The issue of dental caries prevention has been discussed for many years; certain progress has been made in this area. An important element in this respect is adherence to the basic rules of medicine «Non nocere» (do no harm). Therefore, administration of any preventive medication should be strictly differentiated. Of particular concern are young children with diseases of hard dental tissue against a background of somatic pathology, for example, genetically caused connective-tissue disease. Connective-tissue dysplasia is a developmental disorder of the connective tissue in embryonic and postnatal periods as a result of genetically modified fibrillogenesis in the extracellular matrix, leading to homeostasis disorders at the tissue, organ, and organism levels in the form of a variety of morphological and functional defects of visceral and locomotive organs with a progressive course. Endogenous prevention allows subsequently a higher level of resistance to tooth decay. The use of calcium and phosphorus in the framework of the caries prevention programs is recognized as one of the most effective ways to prevent this disease. In this regard, the aim of our study was to investigate calcium-phosphorus metabolism against a background of connective-tissue dysplasia in early-age children. Materials and Methods. The study involved 39 children (the main group) aged from 1 year 2 months to 3 years with multiple caries and complicated forms of caries against a background of genetically caused connective-tissue disorder followed up at Dentistry Department of KhNMU. All children were divided into four groups according to the age. Group 1 consisted of 7 children aged 14-18 months; group 2 - 8 children aged 19-23 months; group 3 - 7 children aged 24-29 months, group 4 -. 17 children aged 30-36 months. Consequently, the largest group (17 persons) included the children aged 30-36 months. The children underwent biochemical tests of blood and urine for calcium and phosphorus content and excretion. Our research revealed that the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood of the children in all age groups were within the physiological norm. Calcium and phosphorus excretion with the urine in children of the main group was decreased (normal Ca excretion is 0.5-3.8 mmol/day, P – 1.0-25.0 mmol/day), thus at the age of 14-18 months Ca concentration was reduced by 0.1 mmol /day, P - 0.1 mmol/d., at the age of 19-23 months Ca concentration decreased by 0.15 mmol/day, P - 0.11 mmol/day, in children aged 24-30 months Ca concentration reduced by 0.1 mmol day, P - 0.18 mmol/day, in children aged 30-36 months Ca concentration decreased by 0.17 mmol/day, P - 0.17 mmol/day. Conclusions. 1. When endogenous prevention is performed in early-age children with genetically caused connective tissue disorders, it is necessary to take into account the level of calcium and phosphorus excretion with the urine. 2. When genetically determined diseases of the connective tissue and the findings of blood and urine tests are present, the nutrition of the child should be corrected, i.e. meat broths, meat products, products from highgrade flour, semolina, milk products with a high fat content should be excluded

THE INFLUENCE OF THE DENTIFRICE WATER WITH LYSOZYME ON SOFT TISSUES OF THE ORAL CAVITY OF PATIENTS WITH ORAL LICHEN PLANUS TOGETHER WITH DENTAL PATHOLOGY

Prevalence and severity of generalized parodontitis depend especially on the course of diseases affecting the oral mucosa and those ones which are characterized by involvement of the oral mucosa. These diseases include mainly lichen planus. The common pathogenic agent of generalized parodontitis and lichen planus as well as of combination of them is inflammation, as generalized parodontitis is inflammation of parardontium tissue characterized by destruction of periodontium and dental ligamentous apparatus of the alveolar bone and lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease of skin and oral mucosa. The purpose is to study processes of lipid peroxidation in the saliva of patients with lichen planus of the skin along with chronic generalized parodontitis. The study involved three groups of patients: Group 1was represented by patients with generalized parodontitis associated with typical form of lichen planus of skin (12 individuals). Group 2 involved patients with chronic generalized parodontitis without comorbidities, lichen planus in particular (19 individuals). Group 3 was represented by apparently healthy donors (control group) (19 individuals). Complete examination of parodontium tissue was carried out for all patients. The parodontium condition was estimated on the basis of patients’ complaints, dental examination over time with assessment of basic hygienic and parodontal indices. Unstimulated mixed saliva of patients and control group were used as the material for study of lipid peroxidation processes at organ level. In order to estimate level and character of free-radical oxidation 4 indices were applied: TBA-active products level, activity of catalase, superoxide scavenger and functional index of free-radical oxidation. It has been established that in patients with chronic generalized parodontitis as well as in patients with chronic generalized parodontitis combined with lichen planus increased level of end products of lipid peroxidation processes is observed. However, in patients with lichen planus significantly (1.8 times as much) increased content of TBA-active products indicating more pronounced activation of processes of lipid peroxidation at organ level in these patients is observed. Activity of antioxidant defense enzymes in the saliva of patients is decreased. Dramatic changes are apparent in activity of SOD in patients of both groups under study. The obtained data showed the decreased resistance to peroxidation at organ level and can be considered as one of mechanisms of affecting of oral cavity tissues. The study that has been carried out proved influence of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of lichen planus and ground the necessity to use antioxidants and antihypoxants in complex therapy. Taking the obtained data into consideration, complex therapy including systemic treatment of lichen planus and topical treatment of chronic generalized parodontitis was indicated to patients with combined course of lichen planus of typical form and chronic parodontitis of primary and mild degree. The clinical study has made it possible to establish that complex of medical and preventive measures such as systemic treatment of lichen planus, advanced hygienic care of the oral cavity with the use of Lizomucoid mouthwash, Lacalut aktiv therapeutic toothpaste is rather effective for treatment of chronic generalized parodontitis associated with lichen planus of typical form

Features of translation of medical instructions from English and French languages into Russian (Pharmacological discourse)

The purpose of the study is to reveal difficulties in translating instructions on the usage of medicines from English and French into Russian. Translation of medical instructions is a private form of medical translation that is in high demand. Each medicine should have a detailed description in Russian. With this document, a manufacturer guarantees to patient that subject to the prescribed standards, medicine will provide a certain effect that it is safe for life and health. The instruction is a kind of memo for a patient and a guarantee of the correctness of taking medicine. The authors of the article examined instructions for the use of medicines as genres of pharmaceutical discourse, highlighted the features of pharmaceutical terminology, examined ways to translate scientific terminology and vocabulary, analyzed translation techniques for transmitting vocabulary instructions for the use of medicines (translation of the instructions for the medicine > from English into Russian, as well as instructions for the > medicine from French into Russian), errors were identified in their translation. The following research methods were used in the work: comparative typological method, empirical method, observation method, analysis and synthesis, a descriptive method, a method of comparative analysis of the original and translation, and generalisation of the obtained results. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the synthesis of theoretical material on the problem of translation of instructions for the use of medicines. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used in the practical activities of translators of specialized literature and in the development of special translation courses of scientific literature from French and English into Russian. In addition, the results of this study can be used in the development of educational materials for students of medical specialties, the organization of advanced training and the exchange of teaching experience

МЕДИЦИНСКИЕ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ И ПСЕВДОИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА (ПРОБЛЕМА РУССКО-АНГЛИЙСКИХ И РУССКО-ФРАНЦУЗСКИХ СООТВЕТСТВИЙ)

The use of «false cognates» in medical texts is widespread enough, and the number of mistakes that translators make is large. The purpose of this article is to identify medical words that may be mistaken due to their belonging to this group of vocabulary, possible errors when translating this category of words from English and French into Russian and vice versa, and establishing ways to eliminate errors when translating them, techniques which help to avoid misinterpretation of a text. In order to summarize the existing knowledge, the authors analyzed specialized literature on this issue, reviewing in detail the translation features of «false cognates» and, using examples, analyzed the characteristic errors that may occur during translation. The issues of theory and practice of teaching students of the Medical Institute of Russian Peoples’ Friendship University in a special course «Theory and Practice of Translation» are discussed in the article. The foreign students of three groups studing professionally oriented medical translation from Russian into English and French and from the above-noted languages into Russian took part in the study of this topic. As the experiment showed the knowledge of the specificity of the «false cognates» phenomenon helps to avoid «hidden rocks» when interpreting a professional medical text. The results of this article can also be applied when giving lectures and special courses on the theory and practice of translating foreign languages, developing teaching materials for medical students, and preparing specialized dictionaries.Применение «ложных друзей переводчика» в текстах медицинской направленности достаточно широко распространено, а количество ошибок, которые совершают переводчики, велико. Целью данной статьи является выявление тех слов медицинской тематики, перевод которых может быть ошибочным в силу их принадлежности к данной группе лексики, возможных ошибок при переводе данной категории слов с английского и французского языка на русский и обратно, и установление способов устранения ошибок при их переводе, приемов и техник, помогающих избежать неправильной интерпретации текста. С целью обобщения имеющихся знаний авторами была проанализирована специализированная литература по данному вопросу, подробно рассмотрены особенности перевода «ложных друзей переводчика» и непосредственно на примерах разобраны характерные ошибки, которые могут возникнуть при переводе. В статье обсуждаются вопросы теории и практики обучения студентов на кафедре русского языка медицинского института РУДН по специальному курсу «Теория и практика перевода». В изучении данной темы приняли участие иностранные студенты трех групп, занимающиеся профессионально ориентированным медицинским переводом с русского на английский и французский языки и с указанных языков на русский язык. Как показал эксперимент, знание специфики явления «ложные друзья переводчика» помогает избежать «подводных камней» при интерпретации профессионального медицинского текста. Результаты данной статьи могут также найти применение при проведении лекционных и специальных курсов по теории и практике перевода иностранных языков, разработке учебных материалов для студентов медицинских специальностей, подготовке специализированных словарей

Rescent Trends in Elearning and Digital Pedagogy in Linguistics and Translation Studies at He in Russia

The article outlines some general trends and important achievements in the field of eLearning and appropriate software usage in Linguistics and Translation Studies teaching at Higher Education in Russia. The educators from RUDN University summarize and share their experience, assumptions and advice on the innovative or digital pedagogical methods of Foreign languages teaching. The article also contains the original research essay. Such recent educational practicies as applying digital, mobile, CALL, online or Blended approaches, integrating any international or local, corporate or individual software in linguistic education (in English Language and Translation Studies) in the Russian Federation - are selected as target research topic and considered within limited time period. Besides, some new shifts in scientific research of digital software application for language education are identified through collecting and analyzing the big number of Russian academic papers on the official institution's open database available in Russia online. The random is followed by statistical and content analysis accordingly. Data search and selection criteria, research procedure and steps, findings on the topic and trends, as well as analytical and quantitative methods peculiarities are also briefly exposed. As a whole, the article could be interesting to international researchers of similar matters in the field of eLearning and any Higher Education teachers in other countries, practicing digital or Blended education in Linguistics and Translation Studies

Некоторые тренды использования ИКТ в российских научных исследованиях в области преподавания иностранных языков и перевода в вузах (2012-2017)

The article outlines some statistical research-based trends in the field of ICT usage in Foreign Languages and Translation Studies teaching at Higher Education (HE) institutions in Russia (2012-2017). The aim was to identify application of ICT, any digital, mobile, CALL, online or Blended approaches, integrating international or local software in linguistic education mentioned in Russian professional research papers within 2012-2017 applied at Universities. As a result, some new shifts and main HE institutions in scientific research of ICT application for language education are identified through collecting and analyzing of Russian academic papers on the official state open online database. Database, random selection criteria, research steps, some findings as well as analytical and quantitative methods peculiarities are also briefly exposed and visualized on the table and the diagrams. As a whole, the article could be interesting to international researchers of similar problems in the field of eLearning and any Higher Education teachers, practicing eLearning or Blended education in Linguistics and Translation Studies.В статье представлены некоторые результаты статистического исследования о современных трендах использования ИКТ в научных работах российских ученых, посвященных преподаванию иностранных языков и переводу в вузах (2012-2017). Целью исследования было изучение любого упоминания или применения ИКТ, электронных, мобильных, смешанных технологий и интернета, а также интеграции и использования международного или локального ПО в лингвистическое образование в университетах. В результате, удалось выявить некоторые тренды и основные организации, использующие ИКТ в области языкового образования. Для исследования использовалась открытая государственная онлайн база данных В статье также излагаются критерии выборки, методы и ступени квантитативного анализа и интерпретация результатов, в том числе в виде таблицы и диаграмм. Статья может быть интересна как преподавателям иностранного языка в вузах, так и исследователям аналогичной тематики

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРЕВОДУ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ И ПСЕВДОИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ СЛОВ С АНГЛИЙСКОГО И ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК

The article presents the instructional techniques for teaching translation of «false cognates», as well as some of the training materials used in teaching foreign students studying the theory and practice of professionally oriented medical translation in the framework of the special course «Fundamentals of Translation» (English and French). The purpose of educational materials is to teach foreign students to translate correctly «false cognates» in the field of medicine. The article presents training exercises for the revitalization of the studying material, as well as speech tasks for introducing the studying material into speech. The experiment conducted by us in three groups of a special course allowed us to determine the degree of effectiveness of these teaching materials in translating international and pseudo-international words from English and French into Russian. Training exercises on the materials presented in the article were used in two groups of students from different countries at the lessons on the theory and practice of translation. There were 10 students in two experimental groups. There were also 10 people in the control group. Control testing showed that there was a 25% increase in good and excellent results in the group working with these training materials. The collected material can be used to create a textbook on translation of international and pseudo-international words, as well as when writing methodological developments in the exchange of educational experience.В данной статье представлены методические приемы при обучении переводу «ложных друзей переводчика», а также часть учебных материалов, используемых в обучении иностранных студентов, изучающих теорию и практику профессионально ориентированного медицинского перевода в рамках специального курса «Основы перевода» (английский и французский языки). Цель учебных материалов - научить иностранных студентов правильно переводить «ложные друзья переводчика» в области медицины. В статье представлены тренировочные упражнения для активизации изучаемого материала, а также речевые задания для введения изучаемого материала в речь. Определить степень эффективности данных учебных материалов при переводе интернациональных и псевдоинтернациональных слов на русский язык с английского и французского языков позволил эксперимент, проведённый нами в трех группах специального курса. В двух группах студентов из разных стран на занятиях по теории и практике перевода использовались тренировочные упражнения по материалам, представленным в статье. В двух экспериментальных группах было по 10 студентов. В контрольной также 10 человек. Контрольное тестирование показало, что в группе, работающей с использованием данных учебных материалов, хороших и отличных результатов было на 25% больше. Собранный материал можно использовать для создания учебного пособия, посвященного переводу интернациональных и псевдоинтернациональных слов, а также при написании методических разработок, при обмене педагогическим опыто

SOME ASPECTS OF THE EATIOLOGY OF PARODONTUS DISEASES. (LITERATURE REVIEW)

The review of the scientific literature is devoted to the topical issues of studying the etiology of periodontal diseases, which are one of the most common and complex pathologies of the maxillofacial region. Analysis of recent studies proves a stable relationship between the development of periodontal diseases and disorders in the immune system, the neurohumoral system, metabolic disorders, genetic predisposition, and so on. The article presents the data obtained in the course of studying the literature on the role of disorders in the functioning of individual organs (gastrointestinal tract, liver, lungs, heart, and urinary system) in the development of chronic periodontal diseases. The article notes that the anatomical and physiological proximity of the periodontal and digestive tract tissues, the generality of innervation and humoral regulation create prerequisites for the involvement of periodontal disease in the pathological process in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the main etiological factors in the development of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and periodontium is Helicobacter pylori, which is found in the loci of the oral cavity: in the oral and gingival fluid, on the mucous membrane of the tongue and cheeks, and in the periodontal pockets. It is pointed out that the liver also occupies a special place in the development of periodontal diseases, which is explained by the performance of its significant functions for the human body: regulatory, metabolic, antitoxic and other. There is evidence that the pathology of periodontal disease plays a leading role in the structure of dental diseases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, which is clinically manifested by symptoms of generalized periodontitis of the І-ІІ degrees of development and its complications - partial or complete secondary adentia, and with tooth preservation - defects in dental series and violations of occlusion, function, aesthetics. Scientists suggest a general biological mechanism for the development of generalized periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases, linking the development of periodontal diseases in patients with cardiovascular pathology with microcirculatory disorders. The dependence of the severity of inflammatory changes in the periodontal tissues on the disturbances of salt metabolism in urolithiasis is proved. The data obtained indicate that diseases of the internal organs contribute to the structural damage of periodontal tissues and they are a risk factor for periodontal diseases, which necessitate the presence of not only theoretical knowledge and practical skills in dentistry, but also their awareness of the features and clinical manifestations of somatic pathology. An urgent and justified step in the treatment of periodontal diseases is also the involvement in the process of rendering complex dental care to internist doctors capable of quickly and qualitatively assessment the condition of the internal organs and the basic systems of the patient's body

Pedogenic chlorites in podzolic soils with different intensities of hydromorphism: origin, properties, and condiotions of their formation

Minerals of the pedogenic chlorite group were studied in the clay fractions isolated from the mineral horizons of podzolic and gleyic peatpodzolic soils. In the AE and E horizons of the podzolic soil, pedogenic chlorites are thought to develop from vermiculite, whereas in the E horizon of the gleyic peat podzolic soil, they can be formed from smectite minerals. For estimating the degree of chloritization (the degree of filling of the interlayer space of 2 : 1 minerals with Al hydroxides), a numerical criterion was is proposed. The difference between the values of this criterion before and after the treatment of the preparations with NH4F indicated that the degree of chloritization in the pedogenic chlorites decreases in the following sequence: the E horizon of the podzolic soil > the AE horizon of the podzolic soil > the E horizon of the gleyic peat podzolic soil. Another numerical criterion was proposed to estimate the degree of polymerization of Alhydroxy complexes in pedogenic chlorites. This criterion was based on the thermal stability of soil chlorites and represented the temperature at which an increase in the intensity of the 1.0nm peak after heating the K- saturated preparations exceeds 50% of its initial value. According to this criterion, the degree of polymerization of the Al-hydroxy interlayers in pedogenic chlorites decreases in the following sequence: the E horizon of the podzolic soil > the E horizon of the gleyic peatpodzolic soil ≥ the AE horizon of the podzolic soil. The distinct interrelation between the soil properties and the degrees of chloritization and polymerization of the Al-hydroxy interlayers attests to the modern origin of the pedogenic chlorites