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Analytical Techniques for Determination of Hydrochlorothiazide and its Combinations: A Review

Hydrochlorothiazide is chemically 6-chloro-1, 1-dioxo-3, 4-dihydro-2 H -1, 2, 4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide. Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic drug used for treatment of high blood pressure(hypertension) and accumulation of fluid (edema). It works by blocking salt and fluid reabsorption from the urine in the kidneys, causing increased urine output (dieresis). Hydrochlorothiazide is used to treat excessive fluid accumulation and swelling (edema) of the body caused byheart failure, cirrhosis, chronickidney failure, corticosteroid medications, and nephrotic syndrome. It can be used alone or in conjunction with otherblood pressure lowering medicationstotreat high blood pressure. This review focuses on the recent developments in analytical techniques for estimation of Hydrochlorothiazide alone or in combinations with other drugs in various biological media like human plasma and urine. This review will critically examine the (a) sample pretreatment method such as solid phase extraction (SPE), (b) separation methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), (c) other methods such as spectrophotometry, diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical methods

Epidural labor analgesia: a comparison of mixture of ropivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl versus ropivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl

Background: Ropivacaine is more selective for sensory fibers when compared to other local anesthetics, producing less motor block. This permits better maternal ambulation and also allows for normal progression of labor, which translates into lesser instrumental deliveries and higher vaginal deliveries. Objective was to evaluate 0.125% versus 0.2% ropivacaine, with 2 μg/ml of fentanyl in epidural labor analgesia, regarding their sensory and motor block characteristics.Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 40 patients, 20 in each group [group A (0.125% ropivacaine with 2 µg/ml fentanyl), group B (0.2% ropivacaine with 2 µg/ml fentanyl)], for epidural labor analgesia in obstetrics and gynecology department (labor room). The efficacy of the drugs was tested by comparing the onset of analgesia, duration of labor analgesia, dose requirement, pulse, BP, sensory effect, motor effect, FHR, APGAR score and side effects.Results: Total duration of labor analgesia was 230.25 minutes with 55.68 SD and 186.25 minutes with 57.7 SD in group A and group B respectively (p<0.05). The total dose of ropivacaine used was 81.00 mg and 68.50 mg in group A and B respectively (p<0.05). Total dose of fentanyl required was 94.50 µg and 73.50 µg in group A and group B respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant difference found in hemodynamic parameters in both groups.Conclusions: Both the concentrations are effective in producing epidural labor analgesia. However, onset of analgesia was significantly faster with 0.2% ropivacaine. The required dose of ropivacaine was significantly higher in 0.125% ropivacaine. 0.2% ropivacaine shorten the duration of labor compared to 0.125% ropivacaine

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF IRBESARTAN AND ATORVASTATIN BY Q ABSORPTION RATIO METHOD IN THEIR SYNTHETIC MIXTURE USE IN CARDIAC CONDITION

A simple, accurate and precise spectroscopic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Irbesartan and atorvastatin in synthetic mixture using Q absorption Ratio Method. In this spectroscopic  method, 234.7 nm (as an iso-absorptive point) and 226 nm wavelengths (λmax of any of the two drugs) were selected for measurement of absorptivity. Both the drugs show linearity in a concentration range of 05-30 μg/ml at their respective λmax and at the isoabsorptive point. Accuracy, precision and recovery studies were done by QC samples covering lower, medium and high concentrations of the linearity range. The relative standard deviation for accuracy, precision studies were found to be within the acceptance range (&lt;2%). The limit of determination was 0.365μg/ml and 0.0622μg/ml for Irbesartan and atorvastatin, respectively. The limit of quantification was 1.108μg/ml and 0.188μg/ml for Irbesartan and atorvastatin, respectively. Recovery of Irbesartan and atorvastatin were found to be 100.51% and 100.16% respectively confirming the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method is recommended for routine analysis since they are rapid, simple, accurate and also sensitive and specific by no heating and no organic solvent extraction

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF IRBESARTAN AND ATORVASTATIN BY Q ABSORPTION RATIO METHOD IN THEIR SYNTHETIC MIXTURE USE IN CARDIAC CONDITION

A simple, accurate and precise spectroscopic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Irbesartan and atorvastatin in synthetic mixture using Q absorption Ratio Method.In this spectroscopic  method, 234.7 nm (as an iso-absorptive point) and 226 nm wavelengths (λmax of any of the two drugs) were selectedfor measurement of absorptivity. Both the drugs show linearity in a concentration range of 05-30 μg/ml at theirrespective λmax and at the isoabsorptive point. Accuracy, precision and recovery studies were done by QC samplescovering lower, medium and high concentrations of the linearity range. The relative standard deviation for accuracy,precision studies were found to be within the acceptance range (&lt;2%). The limit of determination was 0.365μg/ml and 0.0622μg/ml for Irbesartan and atorvastatin, respectively. The limit of quantification was 1.108μg/ml and 0.188μg/ml for Irbesartan and atorvastatin, respectively. Recovery of Irbesartan and atorvastatin were found to be 100.51% and 100.16% respectively confirming the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method is recommended for routine analysis since they are rapid,simple, accurate and also sensitive and specific by no heating and no organic solvent extraction.Keywords: Irbesartan, atorvastatin, simultaneous estimation, Q absorption ratio method, Q value analysis metho

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF IRBESARTAN AND ATORVASTATIN BY FIRST ORDER DERIVATIVE SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD IN THEIR SYNTHETIC MIXTURE USE IN HYPERTENSION CONDITION

The present manuscript describe simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical first derivative spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of Irbesartan(IRB) and Atorvastatin  (ATR) in synthetic mixture. The derivative spectrophotometric method was based on the determination of both the drugs at their respective zero crossing point (ZCP). The first order derivative spectra was obtained in methanol and the determinations were made at 225.20 nm (ZCP of IAtorvastatin) for Irbesartan  and 308.15 nm (ZCP of Irbesartan) for Atorvastatin. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of succinate 5-30 μg/ml for Irbesartan and 5- 30 μg/ml for Atorvastatin Succinate. The mean recovery was 99.25 and 99.65% for Irbesartan and Atorvastatin succinate, respectively. The method was found to be simple, sensitive, accurate and precise and was applicable for the simultaneous determination of Irbesartan and Atorvastatin in synthetic mixture. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.The proposed method is recommended for routine analysis since they are rapid,simple, accurate and also sensitive and specific by no heating and no organic solvent extraction.Keywords: Irbesartan, atorvastatin, simultaneous estimation,First order derivative, spectroscop

TMJ ankylosis: Management with reconstruction and interpositional arthroplasty

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a very desolating structural condition that involves fusion of the 1 mandibular condyle to the base of the skull. It causes difficulty in mastication and breathing.Trauma and Infections are usually responsible.If trauma occurs in young age,it leads to disturbance in growth &amp; facial asymmetry.Treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis usually requires adequate excision of the involved ankylotic 2 block (arthroplasty)or interpositional arthroplasty using autogenous or alloplastic materials. Early mobilization, 3 physiotherapy &amp; strict follow up are essential to prevent postop adhesions.In our cases fascia lata was used as an interpositional grafting material. One case was treated bygap arthroplasty, second case by costochondral graft &amp; third case was managed with titanium condylar prosthesis.Keywords: Temporomandibular joint ankylosis, costochondral graft, titanium condylar prosthesis, gap arthroplast

Supply Chain Management in Flyover Projects in India

This paper explores the application of supply chain management (SCM) in the Indian construction industry. The authors studied the SCM practices followed in flyover projects and compared them with the seamless SCM model for construction proposed by a previous study. A case study approach was followed for the research work. Structured interviews were conducted to understand the SCM practices in flyover projects in India. The developed model advocates leading roles for client and strategic needs analysis and value management study that are missing in the studied projects. All of the projects studied faced cost and time overruns. The seamless SCM model may be extended to developing countries by incorporating requirements related to the long-term relationship between project agents and, if possible, by suggesting that clients should not select agents using only the minimal cost criteria. The extended model also proposes SCM training for all project agents before the start of the project. Strategic needs analysis and value management study should be an integral part of the construction project to improve project efficiency. Implementing the seamless SCM model calls for the early involvement (i.e., at the project design stage) of all project agents. Project sponsors can apply the findings of this study to manage time and cost overruns