Wavelet Based Image Transmission Analysis For Wireless VOIP

The major focus of present work is to study the performance of data communication; mainly image over wireless VOIP by means of wavelet decomposition. QOS (Quality of Service) is a significant concern in networking, but it is also major problem for providing QOS after considering wireless and mobile networks complexities. In this work, Wavelet based Data (Image) communication model is presented where different wavelet decomposition levels are used and performance analysis of each wavelet based on decomposition level is analyzed on the basis of SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), PRSE (Percentage of Retained Signal Energy) and CR (Compression Ratio). For transmission Capabilities, Packet Loss and Delay are also calculated in the present work. From the simulation results, it is clear that the presented model for image transmission by utilizing wavelet decomposition over a wireless VOIP performs superior when using wavelets as compared to without using wavelets. Further, there results no echo in all the cases as the round trip delay is less than 50ms (ITU Recommendations) .The packet loss and Throughput is also within the range as recommended by ITU. In addition, ANOVA statistical tool has been applied to test the effectiveness of recorded data on 4 groups i.e. SNR, PRSE, CR and delay

Separation of breast cancer and organ microenvironment transcriptomes in metastases

Background: The seed and soil hypothesis was proposed over a century ago to describe why cancer cells (seeds) grow in certain organs (soil). Since then, the genetic properties that define the cancer cells have been heavily investigated; however, genomic mediators within the organ microenvironment that mediate successful metastatic growth are less understood. These studies sought to identify cancer- and organ-specific genomic programs that mediate metastasis. Methods: In these studies, a set of 14 human breast cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) metastasis models was developed and then tested for metastatic tropism with two approaches: spontaneous metastases from mammary tumors and intravenous injection of PDX cells. The transcriptomes of the cancer cells when growing as tumors or metastases were separated from the transcriptomes of the microenvironment via species-specific separation of the genomes. Drug treatment of PDX spheroids was performed to determine if genes activated in metastases may identify targetable mediators of viability. Results: The experimental approaches that generated metastases in PDX models were identified. RNA sequencing of 134 tumors, metastases, and normal non-metastatic organs identified cancer- and organ-specific genomic properties that mediated metastasis. A common genomic response of the liver microenvironment was found to occur in reaction to the invading PDX cells. Genes within the cancer cells were found to be either transiently regulated by the microenvironment or permanently altered due to clonal selection of metastatic sublines. Gene Set Enrichment Analyses identified more than 400 gene signatures that were commonly activated in metastases across basal-like PDXs. A Src signaling signature was found to be extensively upregulated in metastases, and Src inhibitors were found to be cytotoxic to PDX spheroids. Conclusions: These studies identified that during the growth of breast cancer metastases, there were genomic changes that occurred within both the cancer cells and the organ microenvironment. We hypothesize that pathways upregulated in metastases are mediators of viability and that simultaneously targeting changes within different cancer cell pathways and/or different tissue compartments may be needed for inhibition of disease progression

WAVELETS based wireless VOIP and its future scenario

Those who use VOIP, know that a good quality service cannot be ensured over the internet as the internet is not well suited to render real time services. Besides these users do not pay much for the VOIP calls as compared to the circuit switched phone calls. So they do not bother much about the quality of services. However, it is expected that the quality should be sound enough to pay for their time as well as money. In this paper, the recently published literature has been reviewed along with the introduction to wavelets

WAVELETS based wireless VOIP and its future scenario

Those who use VOIP, know that a good quality service cannot be ensured over the internet as the internet is not well suited to render real time services. Besides these users do not pay much for the VOIP calls as compared to the circuit switched phone calls. So they do not bother much about the quality of services. However, it is expected that the quality should be sound enough to pay for their time as well as money. In this paper, the recently published literature has been reviewed along with the introduction to wavelets

Long-Term Degradation Testing of High-Temperature Electrolytic Cells

The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has been researching the application of solid-oxide electrolysis cell for large-scale hydrogen production from steam over a temperature range of 800 to 900ºC. The INL has been testing various solid oxide cell designs to characterize their electrolytic performance operating in the electrolysis mode for hydrogen production. Some results presented in this report were obtained from cells, with an active area of 16 cm2 per cell. The electrolysis cells are electrode-supported, with ~10 µm thick yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes, ~1400 µm thick nickel-YSZ steam-hydrogen electrodes, and manganite (LSM) air-oxygen electrodes. The experiments were performed over a range of steam inlet mole fractions (0.1 to 0.6), gas flow rates, and current densities (0 to 0.6 A/cm2). Steam consumption rates associated with electrolysis were measured directly using inlet and outlet dewpoint instrumentation. On a molar basis, the steam consumption rate is equal to the hydrogen production rate. Cell performance was evaluated by performing DC potential sweeps at 800, 850, and 900°C. The voltage-current characteristics are presented, along with values of area-specific resistance as a function of current density. Long-term cell performance is also assessed to evaluate cell degradation. Details of the custom single-cell test apparatus developed for these experiments are also presented. NASA, in conjunction with the University of Toledo, has developed a new cell concept with the goals of reduced weight and high power density. This report presents results of the INL's testing of this new solid oxide cell design as an electrolyzer. Gas composition, operating voltage, and other parameters were varied during testing. Results to date show the NASA cell to be a promising design for both high power-to-weight fuel cell and electrolyzer applications

Operations management teaching on European MBA programmes

A comprehensive review of the literature established that several investigations have been made of operations management teaching in the USA, whereas almost nothing has been published on European teaching. Therefore, an exploratory investigation was made of operations management teaching on the MBA courses of ten leading European business schools. The results show that course content is similar across schools, but there are large variations on three dimensions: the time allocated by schools to the subject; the balance between operations strategy and tools and techniques in teaching; and the level of emphasis given to service operations. The results also indicate the emerging importance of integrating operations management with other subjects in the MBA curriculum and the key challenge facing faculty - the need to raise the perceived importance of operations management. The comparison of courses will be of interest to all operations management faculty who teach core courses and particularly those who are looking for ideas on how to re-design courses