Comparison of Percentage Depth Doses with the Published Data for Co-60 Radiotherapy Machine at a Regional Cancer Hospital

In external beam radiation therapy, the percentage depth dose (PDD) is a main factor for estimation of patient’s dose and dose distribution in target volume, therefore its accurate estimation is important. The purpose of this article is to compare PDDs with the published PDDs of different authors along central axis at different depths and field sizes for cobalt-60 (Co-60) radiotherapy machine at a regional cancer hospital Pakistan. A dedicated water phantom was used for estimation of PDDs at different depths and different field sizes, for Theratron phoenix Co-60 machine. It was observed that for 10×10 cm2 filed size of Co-60 beam mean percent variation in measured PDDs and published PDDs by different authors was -0.29% to 1.13%, which was within acceptable limit of ± 2%. However, for one author who used semi-empirical equation for PDDs calculation, the mean percent variation between measured PDDs and that of the author was -3.23%, 4.69% and 5.88% for 10×10 cm2, 25×25 cm2 and 30×30 cm2 field sizes of Co-60 beam respectively, which were within acceptable limit of   ±10%. A noticeable increase in PDDs was observed with increase of the field size at given depth which shows obvious contribution of secondary scattered radiation. Also measured PDDs were well matched with that of published PDDs of most of the authors i.e. ± 2%, but the measured PDDs were moderately matched with that of PDDs for only one author for some field sizes and some depths i.e. ±10%, which need to be rectified by taking more such data.

A REVIEW OF INTRODUCTION OF COMMON CARP Cyprinus carpio IN PAKISTAN: ORIGIN, PURPOSE, IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT

Šaran je unesen u Pakistan iz Tajlanda 1964. godine u svrhu akvakulture. Zbog njegove prilagodljivosti na temperaturne promjene i mutnoću vode, te zbog lakoće mriješćenja u ribnjacima, brzo se udomaćio u većini prirodnih kopnenih voda uključujući rijeke, jezera, potoke, kanale, močvare, kao i seoske ribnjake. Iako je šaran postao jedna od najbrojnijih ciprinidnih vrsta u kopnenim vodama i važna hrana u Pakistanu, njegov utjecaj nije posebno dokumentiran. Komercijalni uzgoj u Pakistanu je započeo 1970. godine. U samim počecima rast proizvodnje bio je spor, ali danas igra važnu ulogu u ekonomiji zemlje zapošljavajući više od 400.000 stanovnika. Danas se uzgoj šarana prakticira u cijeloj zemlji, a posebno u pokrajinama Punjab i Sindh. Postoji ogroman potencijal ciprinidnog uzgoja što bi moglo pomoći povećanju boljitka stanovništva, kao i BDP-a zemlje. Ipak, postoji potreba da se osuvremeni tehnologija uzgoja prema standardima razvijenog svijeta koji bi bili uspješni samo u slučaju posebnog interesa kreatora politike i boljeg upravljanja dionika.Common carp Cyprinus carpio was introduced from Thailand to Pakistan in 1964 for the purpose of aquaculture. Due to its high tolerance to temperature and turbidity, and prolific pond breeding habit, it was established promptly in most of natural inland waters, including rivers, lakes, streams, canals, wetlands and even village ponds of the country. Although common carp became one of the most abundant cyprinid species in inland waters and important food fish in Pakistan, its impact is not well documented. Fish farming of common carp has been carried out in Pakistan since 1970; initially it grew slowly but now it is playing an important role in the economy of the country by employing more than 400,000 people. Nowadays, farming of freshwater carps is present throughout Pakistan, especially in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. There is a huge potential in common carp farming and it could help increase the livelihood of people and gross domestic product (GDP) of the country as well. Still, there is a need to improve the fish farming practice to meet the world-class demands that could only be possible by the keen interest of policy makers and stake holders with better management

A review of introduction of common carp Cyprinus carpio in Pakistan: origin, purpose, impact and management

Common carp Cyprinus carpio was introduced from Thailand to Pakistan in 1964 for the purpose of aquaculture. Due to its high tolerance to temperature and turbidity, and prolific pond breeding habit, it was established promptly in most of natural inland waters, including rivers, lakes, streams, canals, wetlands and even village ponds of the country. Although common carp became one of the most abundant cyprinid species in inland waters and important food fish in Pakistan, its impact is not well documented. Fish farming of common carp has been carried out in Pakistan since 1970; initially it grew slowly but now it is playing an important role in the economy of the country by employing more than 400,000 people. Nowadays, farming of freshwater carps is present throughout Pakistan, especially in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. There is a huge potential in common carp farming and it could help increase the livelihood of people and gross domestic product (GDP) of the country as well. Still, there is a need to improve the fish farming practice to meet the world-class demands that could only be possible by the keen interest of policy makers and stake holders with better management