13 research outputs found
Serum Adiponectin As a Predictor of Childhood Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Nationwide Case-Control Study
Purpose
To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the association of
childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) with serum adiponectin and leptin
levels in a nationwide case-control series. In addition, expression of
adiponectin receptors in NHL specimens was assessed, and the association
between adipokines and childhood NHL survival and prognosis was
examined.
Patients and Methods
We studied 121 incident childhood (0 to 14 years) NHL cases registered
in the Nationwide Registry for Childhood Hematological Malignancies
(1996 to 2006) and an equal number of matched controls, for whom
sociodemographic, lifestyle, prenatal characteristics, and fasting blood
serums were collected. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels were
determined. Immunohistochemisty for adiponectin receptors expression was
performed on commercially available adult NHL specimens (n = 30) and in
a subset of childhood NHL cases (n = 6) that were available. Summary
statistics, multiple conditional logistic regression analyses, and
survival analysis were performed.
Results
Higher serum adiponectin, but not leptin, levels were independently
associated with childhood NHL (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.30 to 2.56),
after adjusting for obesity and established risk factors. Higher
adiponectin levels at diagnosis were positively associated with relapse
and poor survival, but hormone levels did not differ among NHL subtypes.
Adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 were present in 90% and 57% of adult
samples and in 83% and 100% of childhood NHL samples, respectively.
Conclusion
Elevated serum adiponectin, but not leptin, levels are independently
associated with childhood NHL and poor prognosis. Adiponectin receptors
are expressed in NHL, suggesting that adiponectin may represent not only
a potential clinically significant diagnostic and prognostic marker but
also a molecule that may be implicated in NHL pathogenesis
Circulating adiponectin levels and expression of adiponectin receptors in relation to lung cancer: Two case-control studies
Background: Decreased circulating levels of adiponectin, an
adipocyte-secreted hormone and endogenous insulin sensitizer, have been
associated with several obesity-related malignancies. Thiazolidinedione
administration, which increases adiponectin levels, decreases risk for
lung cancer. Whether circulating adiponectin levels are associated with
lung cancer and/or whether adiponectin receptors are expressed in lung
cancer remains unknown. Methods: We conducted a case-control study of 85
patients with incidental, histologically confirmed lung cancer and 170
healthy controls matched by gender and age. In a separate study,
archival lung specimens from 134 cancerous and 8 noncancerous tissues
were examined for relative expression of adiponectin receptors AdipoR1
and AdipoR2 using immunohistochemistry. Results: Tobacco smoking, heavy
alcohol intake and education were all associated with lung cancer risk,
whereas serum adiponectin levels were not significantly different
between cases and controls (multiple logistic regression, odds ratio per
SD of adiponectin among controls: 1.13, 95% confidence interval:
0.64-2.02). Adiponectin levels were significantly lower (odds ratio:
0.25, 95% confidence interval: 0.10-0.78) among patients with advanced
compared to those with limited disease stage. Expression of adiponectin
receptors was apparent only in the cancerous lung tissue (64.2% AdipoR1
and 61.9% AdipoR2 in cancerous vs. 0% among non-cancerous tissue).
Specifically, AdipoR1 was expressed in all disease types, but no
difference was noted with disease stage, whereas AdipoR2 was mainly
expressed in the non-small cell carcinomas and more prominently in the
advanced disease stage (80%). Conclusions: Circulating adiponectin
levels are not different in cases of this malignancy - which seems to be
unrelated to obesity and insulin resistance compared to their healthy
controls, though hormonal levels were significantly lower in advanced
versus limited lung cancer. Both adiponectin receptors were expressed in
cancerous lung tissue, but not in normal control tissue and there was a
differential expression by disease stage. These findings should be
further explored, especially in the context of the recently reported
protective effect of thiazolidinediones in diabetic patients with lung
cancer. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel
AGO2 localizes to cytokinetic protrusions in a p38-dependent manner and is needed for accurate cell division
Pantazopoulou et al. find that AGO2 resides in open-ended tunneling nanotubes and close-ended cytokinetic bridges. At the latter location, AGO2 colocalizes with cell division components and the authors show that AGO2 depletion impairs cell division fidelity
AGO2 localizes to cytokinetic protrusions in a p38-dependent manner and is needed for accurate cell division
Argonaute 2 (AGO2) is an indispensable component of the RNA-induced
silencing complex, operating at the translational or posttranscriptional
level. It is compartmentalized into structures such as GW- and P-bodies,
stress granules and adherens junctions as well as the midbody. Here we
show using immunofluorescence, image and bioinformatic analysis and
cytogenetics that AGO2 also resides in membrane protrusions such as
open- and close-ended tubes. The latter are cytokinetic bridges where
AGO2 colocalizes at the midbody arms with cytoskeletal components such
as alpha-Tau ubulin and Aurora B, and various kinases. AGO2,
phosphorylated on serine 387, is located together with Dicer at the
midbody ring in a manner dependent on p38 MAPK activity. We further show
that AGO2 is stress sensitive and important to ensure the proper
chromosome segregation and cytokinetic fidelity. We suggest that AGO2 is
part of a regulatory mechanism triggered by cytokinetic stress to
generate the appropriate micro-environment for local transcript
homeostasis. Pantazopoulou et al. find that AGO2 resides in open-ended
tunneling nanotubes and close-ended cytokinetic bridges. At the latter
location, AGO2 colocalizes with cell division components and the authors
show that AGO2 depletion impairs cell division fidelity
American association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American college of endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update
Thyroid nodules are detected in up to 50 to 60% of healthy subjects. Most nodules do not cause clinically significant symptoms, and as a result, the main challenge in their management is to rule out malignancy, with ultrasonography (US) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy serving as diagnostic cornerstones. The key issues discussed in these guidelines are as follows: (1) US-based categorization of the malignancy risk and indications for US-guided FNA (henceforth, FNA), (2) cytologic classification of FNA samples, (3) the roles of immunocytochemistry and molecular testing applied to thyroid FNA, (4) therapeutic options, and (5) follow-up strategy. Thyroid nodule management during pregnancy and in children are also addressed. On the basis of US features, thyroid nodules may be categorized into 3 groups: low-, intermediate- and high-malignancy risk. FNA should be considered for nodules ≤10 mm diameter only when suspicious US signs are present, while nodules ≤5 mm should be monitored rather than biopsied. A classification scheme of 5 categories (nondiagnostic, benign, indeterminate, suspicious for malignancy, or malignant) is recommended for the cytologic report. Indeterminate lesions are further subdivided into 2 subclasses to more accurately stratify the risk of malignancy. At present, no single cytochemical or genetic marker can definitely rule out malignancy in indeterminate nodules. Nevertheless, these tools should be considered together with clinical data, US signs, elastographic pattern, or results of other imaging techniques to improve the management of these lesions. Most thyroid nodules do not require any treatment, and levothyroxine (LT 4 ) suppressive therapy is not recommended. Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) should be the first-line treatment option for relapsing, benign cystic lesions, while US-guided thermal ablation treatments may be considered for solid or mixed symptomatic benign thyroid nodules. Surgery remains the treatment of choice for malignant or suspicious nodules. The present document updates previous guidelines released in 2006 and 2010 by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi (AME)