11 research outputs found

    Differential expression of receptors for Shiga and Cholera toxin is regulated by the cell cycle

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    Cholera and Shiga toxin bind to the cell surface via glycolipid receptors GM1 and Gb3, respectively. Surprisingly, the majority of Vero cells from a non-synchronized population bind either Cholera or Shiga toxin but not both toxins. The hypothesis that the differential expression of toxin receptors is regulated by the cell cycle was tested. We find that Cholera toxin binds preferentially in G0/G1, with little binding through S-phase to telophase, whereas Shiga toxin binds maximally through G2 to telophase but does not bind during G0/G1 and S-phase. The changes result from the corresponding changes in Gb3 and GM1 synthesis, not from variations of receptor transport to the cell surface. The changes do not reflect competition of Gb3 and GM1 synthesis for lactosylceramide. Cells as diverse as Vero cells, PC12 cells and astrocytes show the same cell-cycle- dependent regulation of glycosphingolipid receptors, suggesting that this novel phenomenon is based on a conserved regulatory mechanism

    Les femmes alpinistes au Club Alpin Français (1874-1919) (un genre de compromis)

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    Le 2 avril 1874, avec la naissance du Club Alpin Français, l'institutionnalisation de l'alpinisme commence et sonne le début des "conquérants de l'inutile". Cette histoire, présentée comme universelle se conjugue-t-elle au féminin? Existe-t-il des "conquérantes de l'inutile" ? A partir des publications officielles du CAF, d'archives publiques et privées et de la presse sportive et féministe, ce travail questionne la spécificité de l'alpinisme féminin et permet de montrer les effets du genre. Ainsi, la masculinité de l'activité, les femmes sont non seulement intégrées au sein du CAF dès sa création mais en régulière progression entre 1874 et 1919. Leur investissement est cependant circonscrit dans une définition normative de l'excursionnisme féminin conforme aux représentations de la féminité de l'époque. Mais avec modération et sens du compromis, elles parviennent progressivement à sortir de ce modèle pour découvrir de nouveaux espaces et de nouvelles difficultés. Elles revendiquent et conquièrent de nouveaux droits mais sans jamais remettre en cause les hiérarchies entre les sexes et la spécificité de l'identité féminine. Ainsi, elles participent aux mutations de l'identité féminine vers une définition plus dynamique, plus instruite et plus libre. Malgré ces mutations, les plus conquérantes sont cependant toujours exclues de l'excellence alpine, nommé le sans-guide caractérisé par la prise de commandement, la tête de la cordée. Grâce à cette soumission à la domination masculine, les femmes alpinistes sont tolérées et initiées par les hommes et l'institution alpine. Le CAF participe à la construction d'une nouvelle femme cultivée, forte et vaillante, dévouée au service de la patrie mais soumise aux règles du genre. En donnant la parole ou le droit de vote aux femmes, en organisant l'instruction alpine des jeunes filles, il est foncièrement avant-gardiste par rapport aux autres associations sportives et participe à ce qu'il nomme le "sain féminisme"On April 2nd 1874, the Club Alpin Francais enters the alpine adventure. Mouniaineering is then officially recognized and marks the beginning of the "conquerants de l'inutile" - pioneers of useless conquests. Do women belong to this evolution? Do they also participate in this conquest? Based on officiaI materials published by the "CAF", on public and private archives, and on sports and feminist articles, this work questions the specificity of female mountaineering shows the effects of gender on the evolution of mountaineering. Therefore the male aspect of mountaineering, women are not only integrated within the CAF, right from the start, but their number is steadily increasing between 1874 and 1919. Women's involvement is nevertheless restricted to activities more appropriate with the contemporary representation of their status. They slowly manage to outgrow these boundaries to discover new frontiers and new difficulties. They claim and obtain new rights but without ever questioning hierarchy between genders and the female specificity. ln doing so they foment changes in the female identity toward a freer, more dynamic and more educated image. ln spite of these changes, the most adventurous ones do not gain access to the utmost revered position in mountaineering, called the " sans-guide ", which consists of leading the rope. This submissive attitude toward the male gender allows women to be tolerated and at the same time initiated by men and the alpine institution. The CAF participates in the creation of a new female persona, educated, strong and brave, devoted to her nation but following scrupulously the gender ruIes. By giving women the right of speech and vote, by organizing the training of young women, the CAF is ahead of its time with respect to other sports organizations. It participates in what it calls the "sane feminism"CHAMBERY -BU Bourget (730512101) / SudocSudocFranceF
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