Determination of the Wound Healing Potentials of Medicinal Plants Historically Used in Ghana

The present study was carried out to investigate the wound healing potentials of 17 medicinal plants historically used in Ghana for wound healing. Warm and cold water extracts were prepared from the 17 dried plant species and tested in vitro in the scratch assay with NIH 3T3 fibroblasts from mice. The wound healing scratch assay was used to evaluate the effect of the plants on cell proliferation and/or migration in vitro, as a test for potential wound healing properties. After 21 hours of incubation increased proliferation and/or migration of fibroblasts in the scratch assay was obtained for 5 out of the 17 plant species. HPLC separation of the most active plant extract, which was a warm water extract of Philenoptera cyanescens, revealed the wound healing activity to be attributed to rutin and a triglycoside of quercetin. The present study suggests that Allophylus spicatus, Philenoptera cyanescens, Melanthera scandens, Ocimum gratissimum, and Jasminum dichotomum have wound healing activity in vitro

Determination of the Wound Healing Potentials of Medicinal Plants Historically Used in Ghana

The present study was carried out to investigate the wound healing potentials of 17 medicinal plants historically used in Ghana for wound healing. Warm and cold water extracts were prepared from the 17 dried plant species and tested in vitro in the scratch assay with NIH 3T3 fibroblasts from mice. The wound healing scratch assay was used to evaluate the effect of the plants on cell proliferation and/or migration in vitro, as a test for potential wound healing properties. After 21 hours of incubation increased proliferation and/or migration of fibroblasts in the scratch assay was obtained for 5 out of the 17 plant species. HPLC separation of the most active plant extract, which was a warm water extract of Philenoptera cyanescens, revealed the wound healing activity to be attributed to rutin and a triglycoside of quercetin. The present study suggests that Allophylus spicatus, Philenoptera cyanescens, Melanthera scandens, Ocimum gratissimum, and Jasminum dichotomum have wound healing activity in vitro

Occurrence of Anti-Drug Antibodies against Interferon-Beta and Natalizumab in Multiple Sclerosis: A Collaborative Cohort Analysis

Immunogenicity of biopharmaceutical products in multiple sclerosis is a frequent side effect which has a multifactorial etiology. Here we study associations between anti-drug antibody (ADA) occurrence and demographic and clinical factors. Retrospective data from routine ADA test laboratories in Sweden, Denmark, Austria and Germany (Dusseldorf group) and from one research study in Germany (Munich group) were gathered to build a collaborative multi-cohort dataset within the framework of the ABIRISK project. A subset of 5638 interferon-beta (IFN beta)-treated and 3440 natalizumab-treated patients having data on at least the first two years of treatment were eligible for interval-censored time-to-event analysis. In multivariate Cox regression, IFN beta-1a subcutaneous and IFN beta-1b subcutaneous treated patients were at higher risk of ADA occurrence compared to IFN beta-1a intramuscular-treated patients (pooled HR = 6.4, 95% CI 4.9-8.4 and pooled HR = 8.7, 95% CI 6.6-11.4 respectively). Patients older than 50 years at start of IFN beta therapy developed ADA more frequently than adult patients younger than 30 (pooled HR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.3). Men developed ADA more frequently than women (pooled HR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6). Interestingly we observed that in Sweden and Germany, patients who started IFN beta in April were at higher risk of developing ADA (HR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4 and HR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9 respectively). This result is not confirmed in the other cohorts and warrants further investigations. Concerning natalizumab, patients older than 45 years had a higher ADA rate (pooled HR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.8) and women developed ADA more frequently than men (pooled HR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.0). We confirmed previously reported differences in immunogenicity of the different types of IFN beta. Differences in ADA occurrence by sex and age are reported here for the first time. These findings should be further investigated taking into account other exposures and biomarkers

Occurrence of Anti-Drug Antibodies against Interferon-Beta and Natalizumab in Multiple Sclerosis: A Collaborative Cohort Analysis

Immunogenicity of biopharmaceutical products in multiple sclerosis is a frequent side effect which has a multifactorial etiology. Here we study associations between anti-drug antibody (ADA) occurrence and demographic and clinical factors. Retrospective data from routine ADA test laboratories in Sweden, Denmark, Austria and Germany (Dusseldorf group) and from one research study in Germany (Munich group) were gathered to build a collaborative multi-cohort dataset within the framework of the ABIRISK project. A subset of 5638 interferon-beta (IFN beta)-treated and 3440 natalizumab-treated patients having data on at least the first two years of treatment were eligible for interval-censored time-to-event analysis. In multivariate Cox regression, IFN beta-1a subcutaneous and IFN beta-1b subcutaneous treated patients were at higher risk of ADA occurrence compared to IFN beta-1a intramuscular-treated patients (pooled HR = 6.4, 95% CI 4.9-8.4 and pooled HR = 8.7, 95% CI 6.6-11.4 respectively). Patients older than 50 years at start of IFN beta therapy developed ADA more frequently than adult patients younger than 30 (pooled HR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.3). Men developed ADA more frequently than women (pooled HR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6). Interestingly we observed that in Sweden and Germany, patients who started IFN beta in April were at higher risk of developing ADA (HR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4 and HR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9 respectively). This result is not confirmed in the other cohorts and warrants further investigations. Concerning natalizumab, patients older than 45 years had a higher ADA rate (pooled HR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.8) and women developed ADA more frequently than men (pooled HR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.0). We confirmed previously reported differences in immunogenicity of the different types of IFN beta. Differences in ADA occurrence by sex and age are reported here for the first time. These findings should be further investigated taking into account other exposures and biomarkers

La vue du voyeur Alain Robbe-Grillet: Le Voyeur

Partant du débat sur le titre, nous avons opté pour un sens «brut»: voyeur = homme qui voit, ce qui nous a amené à la question primordiale de cette analyse: que voit le voyeur? La réalité offerte au regard du personnage principal consiste en objets autonomes qui rejettent invariablement toute tentative d'interprétation humaine de telle sorte que Mathias, sujet voyant, cherche en vain, dans le monde vu, le témoignage de son regard. L'aspect impénétrable, absurde, de la réalité perçue oblige le voyeur à substituer au sens caché des objets une cohérence et une signification imaginaires qui confèrent au regard l'objet recherché, mais qui se feront renverser dès que le sens réel apparaîtra. La manifestation principale de la réalité cachée est une page blanche, dissimulant probablement un assassinat commis par Mathias. Pour imposer une signification aux événements rendus incompréhensibles par le vide, Mathias est obligé de substituer à celui-ci une version imaginaire de ses propres actes, le crime, et une autre version, également imaginaire, qui l'innocentera vis-à-vis des autres, l'alibi. Devant l'imminence de la réalité cachée, Mathias ne peut que modifier sans cesse les versions imaginaires qui resteront pourtant incontestées - bien qu'elles s'excluent mutuellement. Comme la page blanche est aussi impénétrable pour le lecteur que pour le voyeur, nous en sommes à un voyeur qui ne voit rien et à un récit qui ne raconte rien. Vers la fin du roman, le récit et le voyeur retrouvent leur objet. Le roman se projette, en abyme, dans une scène qui en résume tous les détails antérieurs, y compris le vide. Confronté à ses propres visions, provenant toutes d'un ailleurs dans l'espace-temps, le voyeur prend conscience du caractère autonome de son univers imaginaire qui ne reflète que lui-même et qui n'engage en rien la réalité préalable. Confronté à son propre contenu, le roman se situe en fiction autonome, ne racontant rien d'autre que l'histoire de son propre fonctionnement. Au niveau du récit ainsi qu'au niveau du voyeur, le problème primordial du roman est celui de la référence extérieure: le monde préalable au regard, les événements préalables au roman. La référence indiscutable dont témoigne le début du roman s'effondre petit à petit pour dérober au récit et au regard leur pendant réel. La solution réside dans le dédoublement à l'intérieur de la fiction: Ne voyant aucune réalité préalable, le voyeur se voit qui voit; ne racontant aucune réalité préalable, le roman se raconte qui raconte