Valuing the Environmental Impacts of Electricity Generation: A Critical Survey

This article provides a critical survey of a large number of studies carried out during the 1980s and 1990s that have focused on valuing the external, primarily environmental, costs associated with electricity generation. It discusses a number of conceptual, policy-related and, in some cases, unresolved questions in economic valuation of these types of impacts. These include: (a) the definition of externalities; (b) the choices of scope, relevant parameter input assumptions, and methodology; (c) the role of 'green' consumer demand in replacing environmental cost assessments; and (d) the behavioral assumptions underlying environmental impact valuation. By analyzing these issues we gain an increased understanding of the reasons for the wide disparity in external cost estimates reported in previous studies. The article also concludes that in cases where the results of electricity externality studies are utilized as a basis for policy purposes, a conflict between the economic efficiency criterion, its theoretical foundations and other - not necessarily less legitimate - goals of policy may exist

Management factors affecting faba bean yield

Faba bean yields are often lower than they could be if appropriate interventions were taken. We surveyed literature on quantitative impacts of management choices related to region of adaptation, soil and water management, nitrogen nutrition and pollination. At least six adaptation classes can be resolved, differing in autumn vs spring sowing and maturity time. The crop is very responsive to alleviation of drought, soil compaction, soil acidity and waterlogging. The crops dependence on bee-mediated pollination is well known, but there are no guidelines on the adequacy of pollination in a commercial crop. Recognition of stress symptoms and the application of appropriate inputs can enable farmers to greatly increase crop yields

Management factors affecting faba bean yield

Faba bean yields are often lower than they could be if appropriate interventions were taken. We surveyed literature on quantitative impacts of management choices related to region of adaptation, soil and water management, nitrogen nutrition and pollination. At least six adaptation classes can be resolved, differing in autumn vs spring sowing and maturity time. The crop is very responsive to alleviation of drought, soil compaction, soil acidity and waterlogging. The crops dependence on bee-mediated pollination is well known, but there are no guidelines on the adequacy of pollination in a commercial crop. Recognition of stress symptoms and the application of appropriate inputs can enable farmers to greatly increase crop yields

Management of Patients With Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: Results of an International Meeting

The International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IOIBD) is the only global organization devoted to the study of and management of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), namely, Crohn?s disease and ulcerative colitis. Membership is composed of physician-scientists who have established expertise in these diseases. The organization hosts an annual meeting and a number of working groups addressing issues of the epidemiology of IBD, diet and nutrition, and the development and use of treatments for IBD. There are currently 89 members of IOIBD representing 26 different countries. The organization has taken particular interest in the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and how it may affect the IBD patient population. This document summarizes the results of 2 recent virtual meetings of the group and subsequent expert guidance for patients and providers