Die erkenning van objektiewe faktore by die verweer van provokasie in die strafreg

Daar bestaan tans nie volkome sekerheid oor wat die uitwerking van provokasie op aanspreeklikheid is indien ’n beskuldigde van moord aangekla word nie. Veral in die geval waar die provokasie baie sterk is, soos waar X afkom op ’n toneel waar Y besig is om met sy (X se) vrou owerspel te pleeg en X Y dan dood, is dit onseker of ’n Suid-Afrikaanse hof die misdaad van moord na strafbare manslag kan verminder. Daar word betoog dat die Suid-Afrikaanse reg behoort terug te keer na die reëls wat die howe voor omstreeks 1971 gevolg het. Regsbeleid vereis dat X nie heeltemal onskuldig bevind behoort te word nie. Dit vereis egter ook dat X nie aan moord nie, maar slegs aan strafbare manslag skuldig bevind behoort te word, indien aan die vereistes gestel vir die verweer voldoen word. Hierdie kompromie-gevolg kan slegs bereik word indien provokasie as ’n spesiale leerstuk behandel word, dit wil sê een wat nie suiwer deur gebruikmaking van die algemene beginsels van aanspreeklikheid beoordeel word nie. Dit moet as ’n spesiale leerstuk hanteer word, omdat ’n hof nie slegs ’n subjektiewe toets moet toepas om X se skuld te bepaal nie, maar ook, weens die noodsaaklikheid van die erkenning van regsbeleid, ’n objektiewe toets

Valley-isospin dependence of the quantum Hall effect in a graphene p-n junction

We calculate the conductance G of a bipolar junction in a graphene nanoribbon, in the high-magnetic field regime where the Hall conductance in the p-doped and n-doped regions is 2e^2/h. In the absence of intervalley scattering, the result G=(e^2/h)(1-cos Phi) depends only on the angle Phi between the valley isospins (= Bloch vectors representing the spinor of the valley polarization) at the two opposite edges. This plateau in the conductance versus Fermi energy is insensitive to electrostatic disorder, while it is destabilized by the dispersionless edge state which may exist at a zigzag boundary. A strain-induced vector potential shifts the conductance plateau up or down by rotating the valley isospin.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

The Evaluation of Kikuyu Oversown With Ryegrass and Clover in Terms of Milk Production

Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) comprises the greater part of irrigated summer and autumn pasturage for milk production in the Southern Cape. Milk production per cow is limited by low forage quality. The aim of the study was to determine the milk production from kikuyu (K), kikuyu oversown with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp. cv Energa) (KR), kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv Yatsyn, Dobson) and perennial white clover (Trifolium repens cv Haifa, Waverley) and red clover (Trifolium pratense cv Kenland, Cherokee) (KRC) and kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial white and red clover (KC). The trial was carried out under irrigation using Jersey cows in a put-and-take grazing system. Fertiliser was applied to raise phosphorus level to 35 mg/kg, potash level to 80 mg/kg and the pH (KCl) to 5.5. No nitrogen fertiliser was applied to the KC and KRC pastures

The Seasonal Dry Matter Production and Carrying Capacity of Kikuyu Oversown With Ryegrass and Clover

In the main milk producing areas of the Southern Cape, kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) is considered an important summer and autumn pasture which is climatologically well adapted. The main problem experienced with kikuyu is that winter and spring production is low and the exclusion of legumes make it dependent of nitrogen fertiliser and that increases the input cost. The aim of the study was to quantify the seasonal dry matter (DM) yield and carrying capacity of kikuyu (K) through treatments involving kikuyu oversown with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp.) (KR), kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) and perennial white (Trifolium repens) and red (Trifolium pratense) clovers (KRC) and kikuyu oversown with a mixture of only perennial white and red clovers (KC)

The Seasonal Botanical Composition, Calcium and Phosphorus Content of Kikuyu Oversown With Ryegrass and Clover

Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) is one of the major grasses used for summer and autumn grazing in the Southern Cape coast area of South Africa. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp.), perennial white (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) can be incorporated into an existing kikuyu stand to improve pasture quality and spring production. The aim of this study was to determine the persistence of these species and effects on the calcium and phosphorus content of kikuyu (K), kikuyu oversown with annual ryegrass (KR), kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) and perennial white and red clovers (KRC) and kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial white and red clovers (KC)

The Seasonal Nutritional Value of Kikuyu Oversown With Ryegrass and Clover

To overcome the seasonality and relatively low forage quality of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp.), perennial white (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) can be incorporated into an existing kikuyu stand to improve pasture quality and spring production. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of kikuyu (K), kikuyu oversown with annual ryegrass (KR), kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and perennial white and red clover (KRC) and kikuyu oversown with a mixture of white and red clover (KC), in swards grazed by dairy cows

Hierarchical Models for Independence Structures of Networks

We introduce a new family of network models, called hierarchical network models, that allow us to represent in an explicit manner the stochastic dependence among the dyads (random ties) of the network. In particular, each member of this family can be associated with a graphical model defining conditional independence clauses among the dyads of the network, called the dependency graph. Every network model with dyadic independence assumption can be generalized to construct members of this new family. Using this new framework, we generalize the Erd\"os-R\'enyi and beta-models to create hierarchical Erd\"os-R\'enyi and beta-models. We describe various methods for parameter estimation as well as simulation studies for models with sparse dependency graphs.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure