Soningsforhold i lukkede fengsler i Norden og i California

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A Structural Model of Drinking and Driving: Alcohol Consumption, Social Norms, and Moral Commitments

A structural model based upon data from a random sample of 1,000 U.S. drivers accounted for 56% of the variation in alcohol-impaired driving, with total monthly alcohol consumption as the strongest predictor. Significant contributions of age, sex, peer group values, and preference for beer suggested the operation of socialization to group norms. There was a substantial contribution of personal moral commitment against drinking and driving. However, there was no significant inhibitory influence of legal knowledge and perceived arrest risk. These findings are consistent with Andenaes\u27s view that general deterrence should be more broadly construed to include the moral component as well as the fear component of the law

Drinking and Driving: Detecting the Dark Figure of Compliance

The “dark figure” of undetected alcohol-impaired driving in the United States is acknowledged to be very high. However, this “dark figure” may lead to premature pessimism about the prospects for deterrence unless there is a countervailing estimate of “the other dark figure”—the rate of compliance with the drinking-driving laws under conditions of negligible arrest risk. This was a feasibility study in the use of survey data (N = 1,401) to identify patterns of compliance on the last drinking occasion as a function of social roles as drivers and passengers. A small but statistically significant proportion of U.S. drivers took these steps to reduce alcohol-impaired driving: reduction of drinking before driving, allocation of the driving role to low volume drinkers, and relinquishment of the driving role to an alternate driver after heavy drinking. There was no evidence for the selective use of public transportation as a means for diverting heavy drinkers from alcohol-impaired driving

Police Documentation of Drunk Driving Arrests: Jury Verdicts and Guilty Pleas as a Function of Quantity and Quality of Evidence

This archival study examined the court records and relevant police reports for 617 drunk-driving cases drawn from the greater metropolitan areas of Boston, Denver, and Los Angeles. Cases were selected to include roughly equal proportions of guilty pleas, guilty verdicts, and not-guilty verdicts. Objective coding of the arrest reports revealed a fairly cohesive pattern of evidence relating blood-alcohol readings to driving behavior before the stop, general behavior after the stop, and performance on the field sobriety tests. There were several differences in detection and arrest procedures among the three metropolitan areas, and there was scattered evidence that the configuration of BAC limits and per se laws of the states influenced the weighting of blood-alcohol evidence in determining case outcomes. In general, case dispositions reflected a rational pattern of decisionmaking, in which drunk-driving convictions were systematically influenced by the quantity and quality of evidence for guilt

Deterrence and Prevention of Alcohol-Impaired Driving in Australia, the United States, and Norway

A sample of 4,316 drivers from Norway, the United States, and Australia responded to national surveys probing individual, social, and legal factors that contribute to control of alcohol-impaired driving. These factors are considered within the framework of general deterrence (control in response to a fear of punishment) and general prevention (control through internalization of moral inhibitions and socialization of preventive habits). Striking differences in social norms, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding drinking and driving in the three countries suggest that Norway has progressed farthest toward general prevention, whereas Australia relies more on general deterrence. Both general deterrence and general prevention are relatively weak in the United States