Lime stabilisation for earthworks: a UK perspective

Lime stabilisation is a versatile technique applied during earthworks operations. Modern soil recycling units are much more efficient at pulverising fill material and intermixing the added binder/water than machinery available 20 years ago. While supplier innovation adds flexibility to the site working method, specifications have not been sufficiently updated to permit optimal application. This review paper details the physico-chemical changes instigated through the lime-clay soil reaction, updating previous reviews. It aims to assist scientific debate, current practitioners and future specification changes. For example, the application of the minimum 24 h mellowing periods (mandatory to UK specifications) with high reactivity, quicklime powders is concluded to cause increased air voids in the compacted fill. Increased air voids are associated with reduced long-term strength and potential volume change from water ingress, which is of particular concern for sulfate swelling. Shorter mellowing periods and/or use of hydrated lime may lesson this issue; however, a 'one size fits all' approach is discouraged in preference to site-specific methodologies refined to suit the fill material and project requirements. The discussion also summarises working methods which may lower the risk of sulfate swell and defines areas requiring further practical research

Fear of crime, disorder, and quality of life

Fear of crime has been the focus of scientific enquiry for more than fifty years. In this time a number of studies have explored the impact of fear of crime and neighbourhood disorder on an individual’s quality of life. The present chapter describes what we know about the prevalence of fear of crime and disorder in neighbourhoods and public spaces. In particular, we focus on how fear of crime has been defined and operationalized in prior studies, what models are used to understand fear of crime, and the impacts of fear on both individuals and society more broadly. Moreover, we describe some of the recent developments in capturing fear of crime events as they occur in the here and now, and how this innovative work using mobile technologies may contribute new knowledge to understanding the prevalence of crime fear and disorder within the proximate environment. Finally, we discuss “what works” in response to reducing fear of crime in neighbourhoods and public spaces, and how such interventions may improve overall quality of life